Chemoprevention and cancer in the brazilian context: From healthiness to diagnosis

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17448

Keywords:

Cancer chemoprevention; Non-melanoma skin cancer; Lung cancer; Breast cancer; Colorectal cancer.

Abstract

Cancer represents one of the biggest public health problems in the world. Despite increasing advances and occasional successes, patients and healthcare professionals continue to face numerous setbacks from cancer therapy. In this direction, the concept of chemoprevention is intuitively instigating, as it implies avoiding suffering from cancer, having a potential effect before diagnosis, on prognosis and also on treatment. The goal of this review is to list the main possible chemopreventive approaches, at primary, secondary and tertiary levels, for the most frequent tumors in Brazil, which have a strong correlation with everyday habits adopted. To achieve that, a bibliographic survey of the publications available in the databases of the National Library of Medicine (NIH - PubMed) and Scholar Google for the last 20 years was carried out. The descriptors used were: “chemoprevention”, “cancer chemoprevention”, “non melanoma skin cancer”, “lung cancer”, “breast cancer”, and “colorectal cancer”. The results obtained by several in vitro and in vivo studies are remarkable, as well as the clinical success stories. Nevertheless, the challenges are still many, due, mainly, to the variables found in the individual responses of the patients, which can be influenced by specificities of the clinical condition, as well as investment limitations and adherence. Future research and investment in education and awareness of both the general public and health professionals, regarding the benefits behind cancer chemoprevention, would enable the wide application of chemoprevention and benefit several areas of healthcare.

References

Abeloff, M. D., Slavik, M., Luk, G. D., Griffin, C. A., Hermann, J., Blanc, O., Sjoerdsma, A., & Baylin, S. B. (1984). Phase I trial and pharmacokinetic studies of α-difluoromethylornithine - An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2(2), 124–130. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.1984.2.2.124

Aglago, E. K., Huybrechts, I., Murphy, N., Casagrande, C., Nicolas, G., Pischon, T., Fedirko, V., Severi, G., Boutron-Ruault, M. C., Fournier, A., Katzke, V., Kühn, T., Olsen, A., Tjønneland, A., Dahm, C. C., Overvad, K., Lasheras, C., Agudo, A., Sánchez, M. J., … Gunter, M. J. (2020). Consumption of Fish and Long-chain n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Large European Cohort. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 18(3), 654-666.e6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.06.031

Ahn, J. H., Lee, K. T., Choi, Y. S., & Choi, J. H. (2018). Iloprost, a prostacyclin analog, inhibits the invasion of ovarian cancer cells by downregulating matrix metallopeptidase-2 (MMP-2) through the IP-dependent pathway. Prostaglandins and Other Lipid Mediators, 134, 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2017.12.002

Al-Ghafari, A. B., Balamash, K. S., & Al Doghaither, H. A. (2019). Relationship between Serum Vitamin D and calcium levels and Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in colorectal cancer. BioMed Research International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8571541

Alberts, D. S., Martínez, M. E., Hess, L. M., Einspahr, J. G., Green, S. B., Bhattacharyya, A. K., Guillen, J., Krutzsch, M., Batta, A. K., Salen, G., Fales, L., Koonce, K., Parish, D., Clouser, M., Roe, D., & Lance, P. (2005). Phase III trial of ursodeoxycholic acid to prevent colorectal adenoma recurrence. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 97(11), 846–853. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/dji144

Alexiou, G. A., Lianos, G. D., Ragos, V., Galani, V., & Kyritsis, A. P. (2017). Difluoromethylornithine in cancer: New advances. Future Oncology, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2016-0266

Amararathna, M., Johnston, M. R., & Rupasinghe, H. P. V. (2016). Molecular Sciences Plant Polyphenols as Chemopreventive Agents for Lung Cancer. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081352

Amorim, M. O., Vieira, M. M., Gonçalves, I. V., Rhana, P., & Rodrigues, A. L. P. (2018). Breast Cancer: tumoral metabolism reprogramming. Revista Médica de Minas Gerais, 28. https://doi.org/10.5935/2238-3182.20180078

Andrade, S., & Andrade, S. A. F. de. (2014). Câncer de mama: um problema de saúde pública. UNILUS Ensino e Pesquisa, 11(23), 70–77. http://revista.lusiada.br/index.php/ruep/article/view/169

Araghi, S. O., Kiefte-De Jong, J. C., Van Dijk, S. C., Swart, K. M. A., Van Laarhoven, H. W., Van Schoor, N. M., De Groot, L. C. P. G. M., Lemmens, V., Stricker, B. H., Uitterlinden, A. G., & Van Der Velde, N. (2019). Folic acid and Vitamin B12 supplementation and the risk of cancer: Long-term Follow-up of the B Vitamins for the Prevention of Osteoporotic Fractures (B-PROOF) Trial. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 28(2), 275–282. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-17-1198

Araújo, L. R. L. de, Viana, F. C. V., Casimiro, V. C., Nogueira, T. B. de S. de S., & Sousa, M. N. A. de. (2016). Antioxidantes na prevenção do câncer em idosos. Journal of Medicine and Health Promotion, 1(1), 18–26.

Araujo, L. H., Baldotto, C., De Castro, G., Katz, A., Ferreira, C. G., Mathias, C., Mascarenhas, E., Lopes, G. de L., Carvalho, H., Tabacof, J., Martínez-Mesa, J., Viana, L. de S., Cruz, M. de S., Zukin, M., De Marchi, P., Terra, R. M., Ribeiro, R. A., De Lima, V. C. C., Werutsky, G., & Barrios, C. H. (2018). Câncer de pulmão no Brasil. Jornal Brasileiro de Pneumologia, 44(1), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1806-37562017000000135

Arber, N., Eagle, C. J., Spicak, J., Rácz, I., Dite, P., Hajer, J., Zavoral, M., Lechuga, M. J., Gerletti, P., Tang, J., Rosenstein, R. B., Macdonald, K., Bhadra, P., Fowler, R., Wittes, J., Zauber, A. G., Solomon, S. D., & Levin, B. (2006). Celecoxib for the Prevention of Colorectal Adenomatous Polyps. New England Journal of Medicine, 355(9), 885–895. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa061652

Arisan, E. D., Ergül, Z., Bozdağ, G., Rencüzoğulları, Ö., Çoker-Gürkan, A., Obakan-Yerlikaya, P., Coşkun, D., & Palavan-Ünsal, N. (2018). Diclofenac induced apoptosis via altering PI3K/Akt/MAPK signaling axis in HCT 116 more efficiently compared to SW480 colon cancer cells. Molecular Biology Reports, 45(6), 2175–2184. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4378-2

Arumugam, A., & Razis, A. F. A. (2018). Apoptosis as a mechanism of the cancer chemopreventive activity of glucosinolates: A review. In Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention (Vol. 19, Issue 6, pp. 1439–1448). Asian Pacific Organization for Cancer Prevention. https://doi.org/10.22034/APJCP.2018.19.6.1439

Ataollahi, M. R., Sharifi, J., Paknahad, M. R., & Paknahad, A. (2015). Breast cancer and associated factors: a review. Journal of Medicine and Life, 8(Spec Iss 4), 6–11. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28316699

Aune, D., Chan, D. S. M., Lau, R., Vieira, R., Greenwood, D. C., Kampman, E., & Norat, T. (2011). Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. In BMJ (Online) (Vol. 343, Issue 7833, p. 1082). BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d6617

Ball, S., Arevalo, M., Juarez, E., Payne, J. D., & Jones, C. (2019). Breast cancer chemoprevention: An update on current practice and opportunities for primary care physicians. Preventive Medicine, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105834

Barbalata, C. I., Tefas, L. R., Achim, M., Tomuta, I., & Porfire, A. S. (2020). Statins in risk-reduction and treatment of cancer. World Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11(8), 573–588. https://doi.org/10.5306/wjco.v11.i8.573

Barchiesi, G., Mazzotta, M., Krasniqi, E., Pizzuti, L., Marinelli, D., Capomolla, E., Sergi, D., Amodio, A., Natoli, C., Gamucci, T., Vizza, E., Marchetti, P., Botti, C., Sanguineti, G., Ciliberto, G., Barba, M., & Vici, P. (2020). Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in breast cancer: Current knowledge and future perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(10), 3528. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103528

Bardou, M., Barkun, A., & Martel, M. (2010). Effect of statin therapy on colorectal cancer. Gut, 59(11), 1572–1585. https://doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.190900

Bauman, J. E., Zang, Y., Sen, M., Li, C., Wang, L., Egner, P. A., Fahey, J. W., Normolle, D. P., Grandis, J. R., Kensler, T. W., & Johnson, D. E. (2016). Prevention of carcinogen-induced oral cancer by sulforaphane. Cancer Prevention Research, 9(7), 547–557. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0290

Benetou, V., Lagiou, A., & Lagiou, P. (2015). Chemoprevention of cancer: Current evidence and future prospects. F1000Research, 4, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.6684.1

Bezzio, C., Festa, S., Saibeni, S., & Papi, C. (2017). Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis: digging deep in current evidence. Expert Review of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 11(4), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2017.1292129

Bikle, D. D. (2014). Vitamin D and cancer: The promise not yet fulfilled. Endocrine, 46(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-0146-1

Borsatto, A. Z., Vidal, M. L. B., & Rocha, R. C. N. P. (2011). Vacina contra o HPV e a Prevenção do Câncer do Colo do Útero: Subsídios para a Prática. Revista Brasileira de Cancerologia, 57(1), 67–74. https://doi.org/10.32635/2176-9745.rbc.2011v57n1.690

Brasiel, P. G. de A., Dutra Luquetti, S. C. P., Peluzio, M. do C. G., Novaes, R. D., & Gonçalves, R. V. (2020). Preclinical Evidence of Probiotics in Colorectal Carcinogenesis: A Systematic Review. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 0123456789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-020-06062-3

Brasky, T. M., Lampe, J. W., Potter, J. D., Patterson, R. E., & White, E. (2010). Specialty supplements and breast cancer risk in the VITamins and Lifestyle (VITAL) cohort. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 19(7), 1696–1708. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0318

Brown, R. B. (2019). Vitamin D, cancer, and dysregulated phosphate metabolism. Endocrine, 65(2), 238–243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-019-01985-y

Bujanda, L., Rodríguez-González, A., Sarasqueta, C., Eizaguirre, E., Hijona, E., Marín, J. J. G., Perugorria, M. J., Banales, J. M., & Cosme, A. (2016). Effect of pravastatin on the survival of patients with advanced gastric cancer. Oncotarget, 7(4), 4379–4384. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.6777

Butler, G. J., Neale, R., Green, A. C., Pandeya, N., & Whiteman, D. C. (2005). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of actinic keratoses and squamous cell cancers of the skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 53(6), 966–972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.049

Cai, X., Wang, C., Yu, W., Fan, W., Wang, S., Shen, N., Wu, P., Li, X., & Wang, F. (2016). Selenium Exposure and Cancer Risk: An Updated Meta-analysis and Meta-regression. Scientific Reports, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep19213

Cajueiro, E. de S., Bringel, L., Lima, R., & Partata, A. K. (2014). Isotretinoína e suas propriedades farmacológicas. Revista ITPAC, 7(1).

Camp, W. L., Turnham, J. W., Athar, M., & Elmets, C. A. (2011). New Agents for Prevention of Ultraviolet-Induced Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 30(1), 6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sder.2011.01.003

Carbone, P. P., Pirsch, J. D., Thomas, J. P., Douglas, J. A., Verma, A. K., Larson, P. O., Snow, S., Tutsch, K. D., & Pauk, D. (2001). Phase I Chemoprevention Study of Difluoromethylornithine in Subjects with Organ Transplants. Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Biomarkers, 10(6).

Chen, A. C., Halliday, G. M., & Damian, D. L. (2013). Non-melanoma skin cancer: Carcinogenesis and chemoprevention. Pathology, 45(3), 331–341. https://doi.org/10.1097/PAT.0b013e32835f515c

Chen, B., Zhang, M., Xing, D., & Feng, Y. (2017). Atorvastatin enhances radiosensitivity in hypoxia-induced prostate cancer cells related with HIF-1α inhibition. Bioscience Reports, 37(4), 20170340. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20170340

Collery, P. (2018). Strategies for the development of selenium-based anticancer drugs. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 50, 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2018.02.024

Cummings, S. R., McClung, M., Reginster, J. Y., Cox, D., Mitlak, B., Stock, J., Amewou-Atisso, M., Powles, T., Miller, P., Zanchetta, J., & Christiansen, C. (2011). Arzoxifene for prevention of fractures and invasive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 26(2), 397–404. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.191

Curran, M. P., & Goa, K. L. (2003). Lovastatin Extended Release. Drugs, 63(7), 685–699. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-200363070-00007

Cuzick, J., Sestak, I., Forbes, J. F., Dowsett, M., Cawthorn, S., Mansel, R. E., Loibl, S., Bonanni, B., Evans, D. G., & Howell, A. (2020). Use of anastrozole for breast cancer prevention (IBIS-II): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. The Lancet, 395(10218), 117–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32955-1

D’Orazio, J., Jarrett, S., Amaro-Ortiz, A., & Scott, T. (2013). UV radiation and the skin. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(6), 12222–12248. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms140612222

Damiani, E., & Wallace, H. M. (2018). Polyamines and cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology, 1694, 469–488. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7398-9_39

Das, B. C., Thapa, P., Karki, R., Das, S., Liu, T., Torregroza, I., Wallace, D. P., Veldhuizen, P. Van, Verma, A., Ray, S. K., Evans, T., City, K., Medical, V. A., City, K., & City, K. (2014). Retinoic Acid Signaling Pathways in Development and Diseases Bhaskar. Bioorg Med Chem, 22(2), 673–683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.025.Retinoic

De Flora, S., & Ferguson, L. R. (2005). Overview of mechanisms of cancer chemopreventive agents. Mutation Research - Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 591(1–2), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.029

De Oliveira, V. M., & Aldrighi, J. M. (2006). New pharmacological alternative in breast cancer prevention after menopause. Revista Da Associacao Medica Brasileira, 52(4), 192–193. https://doi.org/10.1590/s0104-42302006000400006

Dekker, E., Tanis, P. J., Vleugels, J. L. A., Kasi, P. M., & Wallace, M. B. (2019). Colorectal cancer. The Lancet, 394(10207), 1467–1480. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32319-0

Denipote, F. G., Trindade, E. B. S. D. M., & Burini, R. C. (2010). Probióticos e prebióticos na atenção primária ao câncer de cólon. In Arquivos de Gastroenterologia (Vol. 47, Issue 1, pp. 93–98). Instituto Brasileiro de Estudos e Pesquisas de Gastroenterologia e Outras Especialidades - IBEPEGE. . https://doi.org/10.1590/S0004-28032010000100016

Di Bello, E., Zwergel, C., Mai, A., & Valente, S. (2020). The Innovative Potential of Statins in Cancer: New Targets for New Therapies. Frontiers in Chemistry, 8(June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2020.00516

dos Reis, S. A., da Conceição, L. L., Siqueira, N. P., Rosa, D. D., da Silva, L. L., & Peluzio, M. do C. G. (2017a). Review of the mechanisms of probiotic actions in the prevention of colorectal cancer.pdf. Nutrition Research, 1(19).

dos Reis, S. A., da Conceição, L. L., Siqueira, N. P., Rosa, D. D., da Silva, L. L., & Peluzio, M. do C. G. (2017b). Review of the mechanisms of probiotic actions in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Nutrition Research, 37, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.11.009

Dubas, L. E., & Ingraffea, A. (2013). Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, 21(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2012.10.003

Dulai, P. S., Singh, S., Marquez, E., Khera, R., Prokop, L. J., Limburg, P. J., Gupta, S., & Murad, M. H. (2016). Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in individuals with previous colorectal neoplasia: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ (Online), 355. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i6188

Einspahr, J. G., Nelson, M. A., Saboda, K., Warneke, J., Bowden, G. T., & Alberts, D. S. (2002). Modulation of Biologic Endpoints by Topical Difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), in Subjects at High-Risk for Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 8(1).

El-Bayoumy, K., Rose, D. P., Papanikolaou, N., Leszczynska, J., Swamy, M. V., & Rao, C. V. (2002). Cyclooxygenase-2 expression influences the growth of human large and small cell lung carcinoma lines in athymic mice: impact of an organoselenium compound on growth regulation. International Journal of Oncology, 20(3), 557–561. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.20.3.557

Eslami, M., Yousefi, B., Kokhaei, P., Hemati, M., Nejad, Z. R., Arabkari, V., & Namdar, A. (2019). Importance of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 234(10), 17127–17143. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.28473

Estatísticas de Câncer. (2021). Instituto Nacional de Câncer. https://www.inca.gov.br/numeros-de-cancer

Fabian, C. J., Kimler, B. F., & Hursting, S. D. (2015). Omega-3 fatty acids for breast cancer prevention and survivorship. In Breast Cancer Research (Vol. 17, Issue 1, pp. 1–11). BioMed Central Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13058-015-0571-6

Fernandes, A. P., & Gandin, V. (2015). Selenium compounds as therapeutic agents in cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects, 1850(8), 1642–1660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.10.008

Fischer, S. M., Lee, M., & Lubet, R. A. (2001). Difluoromethylornithine is effective as both a preventive and therapeutic agent against the development of UV carcinogenesis in SKH hairless mice. Carcinogenesis, 22(1), 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/22.1.83

Fisher, B., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., Redmond, C. K., Kavanah, M., Cronin, W. M., Vogel, V., Robidoux, A., Dimitrov, N., Atkins, J., Daly, M., Wieand, S., Tan-Chiu, E., Ford, L., & Wolmark, N. (1998). Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: Report of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90(18), 1371–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/90.18.1371

Freitas, R. D. S., & Campos, M. M. (2019). Protective effects of omega-3 fatty acids in cancer-related complications. In Nutrients (Vol. 11, Issue 5). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11050945

Fuchs, M. A., Yuan, C., Sato, K., Niedzwiecki, D., Ye, X., Saltz, L. B., Mayer, R. J., Mowat, R. B., Whittom, R., Hantel, A., Benson, A., Atienza, D., Messino, M., Kindler, H., Venook, A., Innocenti, F., Warren, R. S., Bertagnolli, M. M., Ogino, S., … Ng, K. (2017). Predicted vitamin D status and colon cancer recurrence and mortality in CALGB 89803 (Alliance). Annals of Oncology, 28(6), 1359–1367. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdx109

Fujiki, H., Watanabe, T., Sueoka, E., Rawangkan, A., & Suganuma, M. (2018). Cancer prevention with green tea and its principal constituent, EGCG: From early investigations to current focus on human cancer stem cells. Molecules and Cells, 41(2), 73–82. https://doi.org/10.14348/molcells.2018.2227

Galdino, F. M. P. (2017). Efeitos dos fruto-oligossacarídeos (Fos) no pré-tratamento e tratamento sobre a mucosite intestinal, induzida por 5-fluorouracil, em modelo experimental.

Geng, A., Weinstock, M. A., Hall, R., Eilers, D., Naylor, M., & Kalivas, J. (2009). Tolerability of high-dose topical tretinoin: The Veterans Affairs Topical Tretinoin Chemoprevention Trial. British Journal of Dermatology, 161(4), 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09341.x

Gensler, H. L., Timmermann, B. N., Valcic, S., Wächter, G. A., Dorr, R., Dvorakova, K., & Alberts, D. S. (1996). Prevention of photocarcinogenesis by topical administration of pure epigallocatechin gallate isolated from green tea. Nutrition and Cancer, 26(3), 325–335. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635589609514488

George, R., Weightman, W., Russ, G. R., Bannister, K. M., & Mathew, T. H. (2002). Acitretin for chemoprevention of non-melanoma skin cancers in renal transplant recipients. Australasian Journal of Dermatology, 43(4), 269–273. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-0960.2002.00613.x

Gianfredi, V., Nucci, D., Salvatori, T., Dallagiacoma, G., Fatigoni, C., Moretti, M., & Realdon, S. (2019). Rectal cancer: 20% risk reduction thanks to dietary fibre intake. systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients, 11(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071579

Goldstein, S. R., Duvernoy, C. S., Calaf, J., Adachi, J. D., Mershon, J. L., Dowsett, S. A., Agnusdei, D., & Stuenkel, C. A. (2009). Raloxifene use in clinical practice: Efficacy and safety. Menopause, 16(2), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e3181883dae

Gomes, F. D. S. (2007). Carotenoids: A possible protection against cancer development. In Revista de Nutricao (Vol. 20, Issue 5, pp. 537–548). Revista de Nutricao. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-52732007000500009

Gong, X., Smith, J. R., Swanson, H. M., & Rubin, L. P. (2018). Carotenoid lutein selectively inhibits breast cancer cell growth and potentiates the effect of chemotherapeutic agents through ROS-mediated mechanisms. Molecules, 23(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040905

Goossens, J. F., & Bailly, C. (2019). Ursodeoxycholic acid and cancer: From chemoprevention to chemotherapy. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107396

Greenberg, A. K., Tsay, J. C., Tchou-Wong, K. M., Jorgensen, A., & Rom, W. N. (2013). Chemoprevention of lung cancer: Prospects and disappointments in human clinical trials. Cancers, 5(1), 131–148. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers5010131

Gumushan Aktas, H., & Akgun, T. (2018). Naringenin inhibits prostate cancer metastasis by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 106, 770–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.07.008

Gunning, W. T., Kramer, P. M., Steele, V. E., & Pereira, M. A. (2002). Chemoprevention by Lipoxygenase and Leukotriene Pathway Inhibitors of Vinyl Carbamate-induced Lung Tumors in Mice. Cancer Research, 62(15).

Gwyn, K., & Sinicrope, F. A. (2002). Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 97(1), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9270(01)03997-1

Half, E., & Arber, N. (2009). Colon cancer: Preventive agents and the present status of chemoprevention. In Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy (Vol. 10, Issue 2, pp. 211–219). Expert Opin Pharmacother. https://doi.org/10.1517/14656560802560153

Hardin, J., & Mydlarski, P. R. (2010). Systemic Retinoids: Chemoprevention of Skin Cancer in Transplant Recipients. Skin Therapy Letter, 15(7). https://www.skintherapyletter.com/skin-cancer/chemoprevention-transplant-recipients/

Hawk, E. T., Umar, A., & Viner, J. L. (2004). Colorectal Cancer Chemoprevention - An Overview of the Science. Gastroenterology, 126(5), 1423–1447. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2004.03.002

Herfarth, H. (2012). The role of chemoprevention of colorectal cancer with 5-aminosalicylates in ulcerative colitis. Digestive Diseases, 30(SUPPL.2), 55–59. https://doi.org/10.1159/000341894

Higurashi, T., Hosono, K., Takahashi, H., Komiya, Y., Umezawa, S., Sakai, E., Uchiyama, T., Taniguchi, L., Hata, Y., Uchiyama, S., Hattori, A., Nagase, H., Kessoku, T., Arimoto, J., Matsuhashi, N., Inayama, Y., Yamanaka, S., Taguri, M., & Nakajima, A. (2016). Metformin for chemoprevention of metachronous colorectal adenoma or polyps in post-polypectomy patients without diabetes: a multicentre double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised phase 3 trial. The Lancet Oncology, 17(4), 475–483. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00565-3

Horn, Y., Schechter, P. J., & Marton, L. J. (1987). Phase I-II clinical trial with alpha-difluoromethylornithine-An inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology, 23(8), 1103–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-5379(87)90141-6

Hu, P. J., Wu, M. Y., Lin, T. C., Chen, T. T., Wu, Y. C., Su, S. L., Lu, K. C., Chen, J. S., Sung, F. C., Lee, C. Te, Yang, Y., Hwang, S. J., Wang, M. C., Hsu, Y. H., Chiou, H. Y., Wong, C. S., & Lin, Y. F. (2018). Effect of Statins on Renal Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34632-z

Hussein, M. R. (2005). Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer: Molecular mechanisms. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology, 32(3), 191–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00281.x

Ianhez, M., Fleury, L. F. F., Miot, H. A., & Bagatin, E. (2013). Retinoides para a prevenção e tratamento das queratoses actínicas. Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia, 88(4), 585–593. https://doi.org/10.1590/abd1806-4841.20131803

Ianhez, M., Pinto, S. A., Miot, H. A., & Bagatin, E. (2019). A randomized, open, controlled trial of tretinoin 0.05% cream vs. low-dose oral isotretinoin for the treatment of field cancerization. International Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), 365–373. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijd.14363

Ignatenko, N. A., Besselsen, D. G., Stringer, D. E., Blohm-Mangone, K. A., Cui, H., & Gerner, E. W. (2008). Combination chemoprevention of intestinal carcinogenesis in a murine model of familial adenomatous polyposis. Nutrition and Cancer, 60(SUPPL. 1), 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580802401317

Jeter, J. M., Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., Stratton, S. P., Myrdal, P. B., Warneke, J. A., Einspahr, J. G., Bartels, H. G., Yozwiak, M., Bermudez, Y., Hu, C., Bartels, P., & Alberts, D. S. (2016). Phase IIB randomized study of topical difluoromethylornithine and topical diclofenac on sun-damaged skin of the forearm. Cancer Prevention Research, 9(2), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0232

Jia, Y., Ma, Z., Liu, X., Zhou, W., He, S., Xu, X., Ren, G., Xu, G., & Tian, K. (2015). Metformin prevents DMH-induced colorectal cancer in diabetic rats by reversing the warburg effect. Cancer Medicine, 4(11), 1730–1741. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.521

Jin, C. Y., Park, C., Hwang, H. J., Kim, G. Y., Choi, B. T., Kim, W. J., & Choi, Y. H. (2011). Naringenin up-regulates the expression of death receptor 5 and enhances TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human lung cancer A549 cells. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 55(2), 300–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201000024

Joanna, B., Jolanta, B., Agnieszka, G., Diana, H. Z., & Krystyna, S. (2019). Vitamin D, linoleic acid, arachidonic acid and COX-2 in colorectal cancer patients in relation to disease stage, tumour localisation and disease progression. Arab Journal of Gastroenterology, 20(3), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2019.05.007

Kamarudin, M. N. A., Sarker, M. M. R., Zhou, J. R., & Parhar, I. (2019). Metformin in colorectal cancer: molecular mechanism, preclinical and clinical aspects. In Journal of Experimental and Clinical Cancer Research (Vol. 38, Issue 1, pp. 1–23). BioMed Central. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13046-019-1495-2

Kanematsu, S., Uehara, N., Miki, H., Yoshizawa, K., Kawanaka, A., Yuri, T., & Tsubura, A. (n.d.). Autophagy Inhibition Enhances Sulforaphane-induced Apoptosis in Human Breast Cancer Cells.

Kasala, E. R., Bodduluru, L. N., Barua, C. C., Madhana, R. M., Dahiya, V., Budhani, M. K., Mallugari, R. R., Maramreddy, S. R., & Gogoi, R. (2016). Chemopreventive effect of chrysin, a dietary flavone against benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Pharmacological Reports, 68(2), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.014

Kasala, E. R., Bodduluru, L. N., Madana, R. M., Athira, K. V., Gogoi, R., & Barua, C. C. (2015). Chemopreventive and therapeutic potential of chrysin in cancer: Mechanistic perspectives. Toxicology Letters, 233(2), 214–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.01.008

Katiyar, S. K., & Elmets, C. A. (2001). Green tea polyphenolic antioxidants and skin photoprotection (Review). International Journal of Oncology, 18(6), 1307–1313. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.18.6.1307

Katiyar, Santosh K., Afaq, F., Azizuddin, K., & Mukhtar, H. (2001). Inhibition of UVB-induced oxidative stress-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes by green tea polyphenol ( - )-epigallocatechin-3-gallate. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 176(2), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1006/taap.2001.9276

Keith, R. L. (2009). Chemoprevention of lung cancer. Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society, 6(2), 187–193. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200807-067LC

Keith, R. L., Blatchford, P. J., Kittelson, J., Minna, J. D., Kelly, K., Massion, P. P., Franklin, W. A., Mao, J., Wilson, D. O., Merrick, D. T., Hirsch, F. R., Kennedy, T. C., Bunn, P. A., Geraci, M. W., & Miller, Y. E. (2011). Oral iloprost improves endobronchial dysplasia in former smokers. Cancer Prevention Research, 4(6), 793–802. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0057

Keith, R. L., Miller, Y. E., Hoshikawa, Y., Moore, M. D., Gesell, T. L., Gao, B., Malkinson, A. M., Golpon, H. A., Nemenoff, R. A., & Geraci, M. W. (2002). Manipulation of Pulmonary Prostacyclin Synthase Expression Prevents Murine Lung Cancer. Cancer Research, 62(3).

Keith, R. L., Miller, Y. E., Hudish, T. M., Girod, C. E., Sotto-Santiago, S., Franklin, W. A., Nemenoff, R. A., March, T. H., Nana-Sinkam, S. P., & Geraci, M. W. (2004). Pulmonary prostacyclin synthase overexpression chemoprevents tobacco smoke lung carcinogenesis in mice. Cancer Research, 64(16), 5897–5904. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1070

Kelloff, G. J., Crowell, J. A., Steele, V. E., Lubet, R. A., Malone, W. A., Boone, C. W., Kopelovich, L., Hawk, E. T., Lieberman, R., Lawrence, J. A., Ali, I., Viner, J. L., & Sigman, C. C. (2000). Progress in cancer chemoprevention: Development of diet-derived chemopreventive agents. Journal of Nutrition, 130(2 SUPPL.). https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/130.2.467s

Khare, S., Cerda, S., Wali, R. K., von Lintig, F. C., Tretiakova, M., Joseph, L., Stoiber, D., Cohen, G., Nimmagadda, K., Hart, J., Sitrin, M. D., Boss, G. R., & Bissonnette, M. (2003). Ursodeoxycholic Acid Inhibits Ras Mutations, Wild-type Ras Activation, and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Colon Cancer. Cancer Research, 63(13).

Kim, E. K., Cho, J. H., Kim, E. J., & Kim, Y. J. (2017). Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits the proliferation of colon cancer cells by regulating oxidative stress and cancer stem-like cell growth. PLoS ONE, 12(7), e0181183. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0181183

Kim, S. J., Zhang, C. X. W., Demsky, R., Armel, S., Kim, Y. I., Narod, S. A., & Kotsopoulos, J. (2019). Folic acid supplement use and breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a case–control study. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 174(3), 741–748. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-018-

-3

Kingsnorth, A. N., King, W. W. K., Diekema, K. A., McCann, P. P., Ross, J. S., & Malt, R. A. (1983). Inhibition of Ornithine Decarboxylase with 2-Difluoromethylornithine: Reduced Incidence of Dimethylhydrazine-induced Colon Tumors in Mice. Cancer Research, 43(6).

Koh, W. L., Oon, H. H., & Tan, W. P. (2019). Acitretin-Altered Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Pitfall in Diagnosis. Dermatologic Surgery, 45(2), 311–313. https://doi.org/10.1097/DSS.0000000000001558

Kozar, K., Kaminski, R., Legat, M., Kopec, M., Nowis, D., Skierski, J. S., Koronkiewicz, M., Jakóbisiak, M., & Golab, J. (2004). Cerivastatin demonstrates enhanced antitumor activity against human breast cancer cell lines when used in combination with doxorubicin or cisplatin. International Journal of Oncology, 24(5), 1149–1157. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.24.5.1149

Kuršvietienė, L., Stanevičienė, I., Mongirdienė, A., & Bernatonienė, J. (2016). Multiplicity of effects and health benefits of resveratrol. In Medicina (Lithuania) (Vol. 52, Issue 3, pp. 148–155). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medici.2016.03.003

Lee, D. A., & Miller, S. J. (2009). Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer. Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America, 17(3), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2009.04.004

Lee, J. Y., Sim, T.-B., Lee, J., & Na, H.-K. (2017). Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Fish Oil derived Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Colon Carcinogenesis. Clinical Nutrition Research, 6(3), 147. https://doi.org/10.7762/cnr.2017.6.3.147

Lenihan-Geels, G., Bishop, K., & Ferguson, L. (2016). Cancer Risk and Eicosanoid Production: Interaction between the Protective Effect of Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Genotype. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 5(2), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm5020025

Leone, A., Diorio, G., Sexton, W., Schell, M., Alexandrow, M., Fahey, J. W., & Kumar, N. B. (2017). Sulforaphane for the chemoprevention of bladder cancer: Molecular mechanism targeted approach. In Oncotarget (Vol. 8, Issue 21, pp. 35412–35424). Impact Journals LLC. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16015

Li, F., Dou, J., Wei, L., Li, S., & Liu, J. (2016). The selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer prevention. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 77(5), 895–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-016-2959-0

Li, S., Shen, Y., Wang, M., Yang, J., Lv, M., Li, P., Chen, Z., & Yang, J. (2017). Loss of PTEN expression in breast cancer: Association with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. Oncotarget, 8(19), 32043–32054. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.16761

Li, Y., He, X., Ding, Y., Chen, H., & Sun, L. (2019). Statin uses and mortality in colorectal cancer patients: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Medicine, 8(6), 3305–3313. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2151

Linares, M. A., Zakaria, A., & Nizran, P. (2015). Skin Cancer. Primary Care - Clinics in Office Practice,

(4), 645–659. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2015.07.006

Liong, M. T. (2008). Roles of probiotics and prebiotics in colon cancer prevention: Postulated mechanisms and in-vivo evidence. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 9(5), 854–863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms9050854

Locker, G. Y., Mansel, R., Cella, D., Dobrez, D., Sorensen, S., & Gandhi, S. K. (2007). Cost-effectiveness analysis of anastrozole versus tamoxifen as primary adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with early breast cancer: A US healthcare system perspective. The 5-year completed treatment analysis of the ATAC (“Arimidex”, Tamoxifen Alone. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 106(2), 229–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-006-9483-6

Lü, J., Zhang, J., Jiang, C., Deng, Y., Özten, N., & Bosland, M. C. (2016). Cancer chemoprevention research with selenium in the post-SELECT era: Promises and challenges. Nutr Cancer, 68(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1105267

Lu, Y. P., Lou, Y. R., Liao, J., Xie, J. G., Peng, Q. Y., Yang, C. S., & Conney, A. H. (2005). Administration of green tea or caffeine enhances the disappearance of UVB-induced patches of mutant p53 positive epidermal cells in SKH-1 mice. Carcinogenesis, 26(8), 1465–1472. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi086

Lu, Y. P., Lou, Y. R., Xie, J. G., Peng, Q. Y., Liao, J., Yang, C. S., Huang, M. T., & Conney, A. H. (2002). Topical applications of caffeine or (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) inhibit carcinogenesis and selectively increase apoptosis in UVB-induced skin tumors in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(19), 12455–12460. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.182429899

Lux, M. P., Wöckel, A., Benedict, A., Buchholz, S., Kreif, N., Harbeck, N., Kreienberg, R., Kaufmann, M., Beckmann, M. W., Jonat, W., Hadji, P., Distler, W., Raab, G., Tesch, H., Weyers, G., Possinger, K., & Schneeweiss, A. (2010). Cost-effectiveness analysis of anastrozole versus tamoxifen in adjuvant therapy for early-stage breast cancer - A health-economic analysis based on the 100-month analysis of the atac trial and the German health system. Onkologie, 33(4), 155–166. https://doi.org/10.1159/000286233

Macedo, T. M. B., Schmourlo, G., & Viana, K. D. A. L. (2012). Fibra alimentar como mecanismo preventivo de doenças crônicas e distúrbios metabólicos. Revista UNI, 2(2), 67–77.

Mahmoud, A. M., Yang, W., & Bosland, M. C. (2014). Soy isoflavones and prostate cancer: A review of molecular mechanisms. In Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (Vol. 140, pp. 116–132). NIH Public Access. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.010

Maia, P. L., Fiorio, B. de C., & da Silva, F. R. (2018). A influência da microbiota intestinal na prevenção do câncer de cólon. Arquivos Catarinenses de Medicina, 47(1), 182–197. http://www.acm.org.br/acm/seer/index.php/arquivos/article/view/281

Mantena, S. K., Roy, A. M., & Katiyar, S. K. (2018). Retraction to: Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Inhibits Photocarcinogenesis Through Inhibition of Angiogenic Factors and Activation of CD8+ T Cells in Tumors (Photochemistry and Photobiology, (2005), 81, 5, (1174), 10.1562/2005-04-11-RA-487). Photochemistry and Photobiology, 94(3), 618. https://doi.org/10.1111/php.12904

Margolese, R. G., Cecchini, R. S., Julian, T. B., Ganz, P. A., Costantino, J. P., Vallow, L. A., Albain, K. S., Whitworth, P. W., Cianfrocca, M. E., Brufsky, A. M., Gross, H. M., Soori, G. S., Hopkins, J. O., Fehrenbacher, L., Sturtz, K., Wozniak, T. F., Seay, T. E., Mamounas, E. P., & Wolmark, N. (2016). Anastrozole versus tamoxifen in postmenopausal women with ductal carcinoma in situ undergoing lumpectomy plus radiotherapy (NSABP B-35): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. The Lancet, 387(10021), 849–856. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01168-X

Marques, D., Lima, M., Santos, S. J., & Marques, A. G. (2019). Perfil epidemiológico dos óbitos ocorridos no Brasil em decorrência de câncer colorretal no período de 2012-2016. Academus Revista Científica Da Saúde, 04(03), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.24118/reva1806.9495.4.3.2019.563

Marques, L. S. G., & Neves, P. de B. O. (2013). A eficácia da ingestão de flavonóides na prevenção de neoplasias: uma revisão. Revista EVS - Revista de Ciências Ambientais e Saúde, 4(4), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.18224/EST.V40I4.3060

Martirosyan, A., Clendening, J. W., Goard, C. A., & Penn, L. Z. (2010). Lovastatin induces apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells and synergizes with doxorubicin: Potential therapeutic relevance. BMC Cancer, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-10-103

Melnik, B. C. (2017). Apoptosis may explain the pharmacological mode of action and adverse effects of isotretinoin, including teratogenicity. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 97(2), 173–181. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-2535

Mesolella, M., Iengo, M., Testa, D., Ricciardiello, F., & Iorio, B. (2017). Chemoprevention using folic acid for dysplastic lesions of the larynx. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 7(5), 843–846. https://doi.org/10.3892/mco.2017.1424

Meyskens, F. L., Gerner, E. W., Emerson, S., Pelot, D., Durbin, T., Doyle, K., & Lagerberg, W. (1998). Effect of α-difluoromethylornithine on rectal mucosal levels of polyamines in a randomized, double-blinded trial for colon cancer prevention. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 90(16), 1212–1218. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/90.16.1212

Meyskens, F. L., Kingsley, E. M., Glattke, T., Loescher, L., & Booth, A. (1986). A phase II study of α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) for the treatment of metastatic melanoma. Investigational New Drugs, 4(3), 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00179593

Meyskens, F. L., McLaren, C. E., Pelot, D., Fujikawa-Brooks, S., Carpenter, P. M., Hawk, E., Kelloff, G., Lawson, M. J., Kidao, J., McCracken, J., Albers, C. G., Ahnen, D. J., Turgeon, D. K., Goldschmid, S., Lance, P., Hagedorn, C. H., Gillen, D. L., & Gerner, E. W. (2008). Difluoromethylornithine plus sulindac for the prevention of sporadic colorectal adenomas: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Cancer Prevention Research, 1(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0042

Mika, A., Kobiela, J., Pakiet, A., Czumaj, A., Sokołowska, E., Makarewicz, W., Chmielewski, M., Stepnowski, P., Marino-Gammazza, A., & Sledzinski, T. (2020). Preferential uptake of polyunsaturated fatty acids by colorectal cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58895-7

Millea, P. J. (2009). N-Acetylcysteine: Multiple Clinical Applications. In American Family Physician (Vol. 80, Issue 3). www.aafp.org/afp.

Mocellin, S., Briarava, M., & Pilati, P. (2017). Vitamin B6 and cancer risk: A field synopsis and meta-analysis. In Journal of the National Cancer Institute (Vol. 109, Issue 3). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw230

Mohammed, A., Yarla, N. S., Madka, V., & Rao, C. V. (2018). Clinically relevant anti-inflammatory agents for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer: New perspectives. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19082332

Mokbel, K., Wazir, U., & Mokbel, K. (2019). Chemoprevention of prostate cancer by natural agents: Evidence from molecular and epidemiological studies. In Anticancer Research (Vol. 39, Issue 10, pp. 5231–5259). International Institute of Anticancer Research. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.13720

Mondul, A. M., Weinstein, S. J., Layne, T. M., & Albanes, D. (2017). Vitamin D and cancer risk and mortality: State of the science, gaps, and challenges. Epidemiologic Reviews, 39(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxx005

Monteillier, A., Voisin, A., Furrer, P., Allémann, E., & Cuendet, M. (2018). Intranasal administration of resveratrol successfully prevents lung cancer in A/J mice OPEN. Scientific REPORTs |, 8, 14257. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32423-0

Moore, G. Y., & Pidgeon, G. P. (2017). Cross-talk between cancer cells and the tumour microenvironment: The role of the 5-lipoxygenase pathway. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18020236

Moura, N. A. de. (2015). Efeitos da ingestão de simbiótico e indol-3-carbinol sobre o processo de carcinogênese química de cólon em ratos Wistar alimentados com dieta contendo heme [Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)]. https://repositorio.unesp.br/handle/11449/138850

Muller, A. G., Sarker, S. D., Saleem, I. Y., & Hutcheon, G. A. (2019). Delivery of natural phenolic compounds for the potential treatment of lung cancer. DARU, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 27(1), 433–449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40199-019-00267-2

Murakami, R., Chen, C., Lyu, S. Y., Lin, C. E., Tzeng, P. C., Wang, T. F., Chang, J. C., Shieh, Y. H., Chen, I. F., Huang, S. K., & Lin, H. W. (2016). Lovastatin lowers the risk of breast cancer: a population-based study using logistic regression with a random effects model. SpringerPlus, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3606-2

Musial, C., Kuban-Jankowska, A., & Gorska-Ponikowska, M. (2020). Beneficial properties of green tea catechins. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 21(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051744

Nangia-Makker, P., Yu, Y., Vasudevan, A., Farhana, L., Rajendra, S. G., Levi, E., & Majumdar, A. P. N. (2014). Metformin: A potential therapeutic agent for recurrent colon cancer. PLoS ONE, 9(1), 84369. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084369

National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. (2019). Lung Cancer Incidence and Mortality with Extended Follow-up in the National Lung Screening Trial. Journal of Thoracic Oncology, 14(10), 1732–1742. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2019.05.044

Nelson, C., Rigel, D., Smith, S., Swanson, N., & Wolf, J. (2004). Phase IV, open-label assessment of the treatment of actinic keratosis with 3.0% diclofenac sodium topical gel (Solaraze). Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD, 3(4), 401–407.

Nepomuceno, J. C. (2005). Dieta e câncer: vitaminas antioxidantes. Biosci. J, 21(1), 141–146.

New, M., & Keith, R. (2018). Early Detection and Chemoprevention of Lung Cancer. F1000Research, 7. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.12433.1

Ng, K., Meyerhardt, J. A., Wu, K., Feskanich, D., Hollis, B. W., Giovannucci, E. L., & Fuchs, C. S. (2008). Circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and survival in patients with colorectal cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(18), 2984–2991. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2007.15.1027

Noah-Vanhoucke, J., Green, L. E., Dinh, T. A., Alperin, P., & Smith, R. A. (2011). Cost-effectiveness of chemoprevention of breast cancer using tamoxifen in a postmenopausal US population. Cancer, 117(15), 3322–3331. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25926

Nogueira, C. W., & Rocha, J. B. T. (2010). Diphenyl diselenide a janus-faced molecule. In Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society (Vol. 21, Issue 11, pp. 2055–2071). Sociedade Brasileira de Quimica. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-50532010001100006

Pardi, D. S., Loftus, E. V., Kremers, W. K., Keach, J., & Lindor, K. D. (2003). Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology, 124(4), 889–893. https://doi.org/10.1053/gast.2003.50156

Patel, V. B., Misra, S., Patel, B. B., & Majumdar, A. P. N. (2010). Colorectal cancer: Chemopreventive role of curcumin and resveratrol. In Nutrition and Cancer (Vol. 62, Issue 7, pp. 958–967). Nutr Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2010.510259

Peck, G. L., DiGiovanna, J. J., Sarnoff, D. S., Gross, E. G., Butkus, D., Olsen, T. G., & Yoder, F. W. (1988). Treatment and prevention of basal cell carcinoma with oral isotretinoin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 19(1), 176–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(88)70162-0

Peck, G. L., Gross, E. G., Butkus, D., & DiGiovanna, J. J. (1982). Chemoprevention of basal cell carcinoma with isotretinoin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 6(4), 815–823. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0190-9622(82)70071-4

Pei, Y., Liu, H., Yang, Y., Yang, Y., Jiao, Y., Tay, F. R., & Chen, J. (2018). Biological activities and potential oral applications of N-acetylcysteine: Progress and prospects. In Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (Vol. 2018). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2835787

Pennock, N. D., Martinson, H. A., Guo, Q., Betts, C. B., Jindal, S., Tsujikawa, T., Coussens, L. M., Borges, V. F., & Schedin, P. (2018). Ibuprofen supports macrophage differentiation, T cell recruitment, and tumor suppression in a model of postpartum breast cancer 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis 11 Medical and Health Sciences 1107 Immunology. Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-018-0406-y

Penny, L. K., & Wallace, H. M. (2015). The challenges for cancer chemoprevention. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(24), 8836–8847. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00705d

Pereira, A.S., Shitsuca, D.M, Parreira, F.J., & Shitsuca, R. (2018). Metodologia da pesquisa científica. [free e-bool]. Santa Maria/RS. Ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM.

Pietrzak, S., Wójcik, J., Scott, R. J., Kashyap, A., Grodzki, T., Baszuk, P., Bielewicz, M., Marciniak, W., Wójcik, N., Dębniak, T., Masojć, B., Pieróg, J., Cybulski, C., Gronwald, J., Wojtyś, M., Kubisa, B.,

Sukiennicki, G., Deptuła, J., Waloszczyk, P., … Lener, M. R. (2019). Influence of the selenium level on overall survival in lung cancer. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 56, 46–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.07.010

Poulard, C., Corbo, L., & Le Romancer, M. (2016). Protein arginine methylation/demethylation and cancer. In Oncotarget (Vol. 7, Issue 41, pp. 67532–67550). Impact Journals LLC. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.11376

Prado, R., Francis, S. O., Mason, M. N., Wing, G., Gamble, R. G., & Dellavalle, R. (2011). Nonmelanoma skin cancer chemoprevention. Dermatologic Surgery, 37(11), 1566–1578. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4725.2011.02108.x

Rao, M., & Rao, M. N. A. (1998). Protective effects of selenomethionine against cisplatin-induced renal toxicity in mice and rats. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 50(6), 687–691. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb06906.x

Rauf, A., Imran, M., Khan, I. A., Ur-Rehman, M., Gilani, S. A., Mehmood, Z., & Mubarak, M. S. (2018). Anticancer potential of quercetin: A comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 32(11), 2109–2130. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6155

Rees, J. R., Stukel, T. A., Perry, A. E., Zens, M. S., Spencer, S. K., & Karagas, M. R. (2007). Tea consumption and basal cell and squamous cell skin cancer: Results of a case-control study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 56(5), 781–785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.11.038

Reinau, D., Surber, C., Jick, S. S., & Meier, C. R. (2015). Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 137(1), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.29357

Rivers, J. K., Arlette, J., Shear, N., Guenther, L., Carey, W., & Poulin, Y. (2002). Topical treatment of actinic keratoses with 3.0% diclofenac in 2.5% hyaluronan gel. British Journal of Dermatology, 146(1), 94–100. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2002.04561.x

Rojas, K., & Stuckey, A. (2016). Breast Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 59(4), 651–672. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0000000000000239

Roncucci, L., & Mariani, F. (2015). Prevention of colorectal cancer: How many tools do we have in our basket? European Journal of Internal Medicine, 26(10), 752–756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.08.019

Ruhstaller, T., Giobbie-Hurder, A., Colleoni, M., Jensen, M. B., Ejlertsen, B., De Azambuja, E., Neven, P., Láng, I., Jakobsen, E. H., Gladieff, L., Bonnefoi, H., Harvey, V. J., Spazzapan, S., Tondini, C., Del Mastro, L., Veyret, C., Simoncini, E., Gianni, L., Rochlitz, C., … Regan, M. M. (2019). Adjuvant letrozole and tamoxifen alone or sequentially for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer: Long-term follow-up of the BiG 1-98 trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 37(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.18.00440

Russo, M., Spagnuolo, C., Russo, G. L., Skalicka-Woźniak, K., Daglia, M., Sobarzo-Sánchez, E., Nabavi, S. F., & Nabavi, S. M. (2018). Nrf2 targeting by sulforaphane: A potential therapy for cancer treatment. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 58(8), 1391–1405. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1259983

Salehi, B., Fokou, P. V. T., Sharifi-Rad, M., Zucca, P., Pezzani, R., Martins, N., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2019). The therapeutic potential of naringenin: A review of clinical trials. Pharmaceuticals, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ph12010011

Santarelli, R. L., Pierre, F., & Corpet, D. E. (2008). Processed meat and colorectal cancer: A review of epidemiologic and experimental evidence. In Nutrition and Cancer (Vol. 60, Issue 2, pp. 131–144). Nutr Cancer. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635580701684872

Sehgal, P., Colombel, J. F., Aboubakr, A., & Narula, N. (2018). Systematic review: safety of mesalazine in ulcerative colitis. Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 47(12), 1597–1609. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14688

Serfaty, L., De Leusse, A., Rosmorduc, O., Desaint, B., Flejou, J. F., Chazouilleres, O., Poupon, R. E., & Poupon, R. (2003). Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy and the risk of colorectal adenoma in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: An observational study. Hepatology, 38(1), 203–209. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2003.50311

Serrano, D., Lazzeroni, M., & Bonanni, B. (2015). Cancer chemoprevention: Much has been done, but there is still much to do. State of the art and possible new approaches. In Molecular Oncology (Vol. 9, Issue 5, pp. 1008–1017). Elsevier B.V. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2014.12.006

Shaito, A., Posadino, A. M., Younes, N., Hasan, H., Halabi, S., Alhababi, D., Al-Mohannadi, A., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Eid, A. H., Nasrallah, G. K., & Pintus, G. (2020). Potential adverse effects of resveratrol: A literature review. In International Journal of Molecular Sciences (Vol. 21, Issue 6, p. 2084). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21062084

Sharaf, L. K., Sharma, M., Chandel, D., & Shukla, G. (2018). Prophylactic intervention of probiotics (L.acidophilus, L.rhamnosus GG) and celecoxib modulate Bax-mediated apoptosis in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced experimental colon carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer, 18(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-018-4999-9

Sharma, P., Montes de Oca, M. K., Alkeswani, A. R., McClees, S. F., Das, T., Elmets, C. A., & Afaq, F. (2018). Tea polyphenols for the prevention of UVB-induced skin cancer. Photodermatology Photoimmunology and Photomedicine, 34(1), 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/phpp.12356

Shirakami, Y., & Shimizu, M. (2018). Possible mechanisms of green tea and its constituents against cancer. Molecules, 23(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23092284

Shree, G. S., Prasad, K. Y., Arpitha, H. S., Deepika, U. R., Kumar, K. N., Mondal, P., & Ganesan, P. (2017). β-carotene at physiologically attainable concentration induces apoptosis and down-regulates cell survival and antioxidant markers in human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 436(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-017-3071-4

Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., & Jemal, A. (2020). Cancer statistics, 2020. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(1), 7–30. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21590

Silva, C. R. de M., & Naves, M. M. V. (2001). Suplementaçäo de vitaminas na prevençäo de câncer. Rev. Nutr, 135–143. http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1415-52732001000200007&lng=pt&nrm=iso&tlng=pt

Singh, B. N., Prateeksha, P., Rawat, A. K. S., Bhagat, R. M., & Singh, B. R. (2017). Black tea: Phytochemicals, cancer chemoprevention, and clinical studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(7), 1394–1410. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2014.994700

Smith, C. L., Santen, R. J., Komm, B., & Mirkin, S. (2014). Breast-related effects of selective estrogen receptor modulators and tissue-selective estrogen complexes. Breast Cancer Research, 16(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr3677

Soltani-Arabshahi, R., & Tristani-Firouzi, P. (2013). Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Facial Plastic Surgery, 29(5), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0033-1353377

Soundararajan, P., & Kim, J. S. (2018). Anti-carcinogenic glucosinolates in cruciferous vegetables and their antagonistic effects on prevention of cancers. In Molecules (Vol. 23, Issue 11). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112983

Spallholz, J. E. (2019). Selenomethionine and methioninase: Selenium free radical anticancer activity. In Methods in Molecular Biology (Vol. 1866, pp. 199–210). Humana Press Inc. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8796-2_15

Stancu, C., & Sima, A. (2001). Statins: Mechanism of action and effects. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 5(4), 378–387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00172.x

Stefanska, B., Salamé, P., Bednarek, A., & Fabianowska-Majewska, K. (2012). Comparative effects of retinoic acid, vitamin D and resveratrol alone and in combination with adenosine analogues on methylation and expression of phosphatase and tensin homologue tumour suppressor gene in breast cancer cells. British Journal of Nutrition, 107(6), 781–790. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511003631

Stolfi, C., Pallone, F., & Monteleone, G. (2012). Colorectal cancer chemoprevention by mesalazine and its derivatives. In Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology (Vol. 2012). J Biomed Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/980458

Ströhle, A., Wolters, M., & Hahn, A. (2005). Folic acid and colorectal cancer prevention: molecular mechanisms and epidemiological evidence (Review). In International journal of oncology (Vol. 26, Issue 6, pp. 1449–1464). Spandidos Publications. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijo.26.6.1449

Sun, Y. S., Zhao, Z., Yang, Z. N., Xu, F., Lu, H. J., Zhu, Z. Y., Shi, W., Jiang, J., Yao, P. P., & Zhu, H. P. (2017). Risk factors and preventions of breast cancer. In International Journal of Biological Sciences (Vol. 13, Issue 11, pp. 1387–1397). Ivyspring International Publisher. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.21635

Surh, Y. J. (2003). Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. In Nature Reviews Cancer (Vol. 3, Issue 10, pp. 768–780). European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1189

Sutherland, R. L., Ormsbee, J., Pader, J., Forbes, N., Town, S., Hilsden, R. J., & Brenner, D. R. (2020). Vitamin D supplementation reduces the occurrence of colorectal polyps in high-latitude locations. Preventive Medicine, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106072

Szende, B., Tyihák, E., & Trézl, L. (2001). Role of arginine and its methylated derivatives in cancer biology and treatment. Cancer Cell International, 1(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2867-1-3

Tagliabue, E., Raimondi, S., & Gandini, S. (2015). Vitamin D, Cancer Risk, and Mortality. In Advances in Food and Nutrition Research (1st ed., Vol. 75). Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.afnr.2015.06.003

Tan, H. W., Mo, H. Y., Lau, A. T. Y., & Xu, Y. M. (2019). Selenium species: Current status and potentials in cancer prevention and therapy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20010075

Thiebaud, D., & Secrest, R. J. (2001). Selective estrogen receptor modulators: Mechanism of action and clinical experience. Focus on raloxifene. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 13(4), 331–336. https://doi.org/10.1071/RD00109

Thompson, P. A., Ashbeck, E. L., Roe, D. J., Fales, L., Buckmeier, J., Wang, F., Bhattacharyya, A., Hsu, C. H., Chow, S. H. H., Ahnen, D. J., Boland, C. R., Heigh, R. I., Fay, D. E., Hamilton, S. R., Jacobs, E. T., Martinez, E. M., Alberts, D. S., & Lance, P. (2016). Celecoxib for the prevention of colorectal adenomas: Results of a suspended randomized controlled trial. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 108(12). https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djw151

Tinsley, H. N., Grizzle, W. E., Abadi, A., Keeton, A., Zhu, B., Xi, Y., & Piazza, G. A. (2013). New NSAID targets and derivatives for colorectal cancer chemoprevention. Recent Results in Cancer Research, 191, 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30331-9_6

Tiptiri-Kourpeti, A., Spyridopoulou, K., Santarmaki, V., Aindelis, G., Tompoulidou, E., Lamprianidou, E.

E., Saxami, G., Ypsilantis, P., Lampri, E. S., Simopoulos, C., Kotsianidis, I., Galanis, A., Kourkoutas, Y., Dimitrellou, D., & Chlichlia, K. (2016). Lactobacillus casei exerts anti-proliferative effects accompanied by apoptotic cell death and up-regulation of TRAIL in colon carcinoma cells. PLoS ONE, 11(2), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147960

Tsai, M. J., Wu, P. H., Sheu, C. C., Hsu, Y. L., Chang, W. A., Hung, J. Y., Yang, C. J., Yang, Y. H., Kuo, P. L., & Huang, M. S. (2016). Cysteinyl Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists Decrease Cancer Risk in Asthma Patients. Scientific Reports, 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23979

Tsioulias, G. J., Go, M. F., & Rigas, B. (2015). NSAIDs and Colorectal Cancer Control: Promise and Challenges. Current Pharmacology Reports, 1(5), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40495-015-0042-x

Tung, B. Y., Emond, M. J., Haggitt, R. C., Bronner, M. P., Kimmey, M. B., Kowdley, K. V., & Brentnall, T. A. (2001). Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 134(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00008

Ueland, P. M., McCann, A., Midttun, Ø., & Ulvik, A. (2017). Inflammation, vitamin B6 and related pathways. In Molecular Aspects of Medicine (Vol. 53, pp. 10–27). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2016.08.001

Vandenplas, Y., Huys, G., & Daube, G. (2015). Probiotics: an update. J Pediatr (Rio J), 91(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2014.08.005

Vanduchova, A., Anzenbacher, P., & Anzenbacherova, E. (2019). Isothiocyanate from Broccoli,

Sulforaphane, and Its Properties. Journal of Medicinal Food, 22(2), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2018.0024

Vaughan-Shaw, P. G., O’Sullivan, F., Farrington, S. M., Theodoratou, E., Campbell, H., Dunlop, M. G., & Zgaga, L. (2017). The impact of Vitamin D pathway genetic variation and circulating 25-hydroxyVitamin D on cancer outcome: Systematic review and meta-Analysis. British Journal of Cancer, 116(8), 1095–1110. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2017.44

Veettil, S. K., Nathisuwan, S., Ching, S. M., Jinatongthai, P., Lim, K. G., Kew, S. T., & Chaiyakunapruk, N. (2019). Efficacy and safety of celecoxib on the incidence of recurrent colorectal adenomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis. In Cancer Management and Research (Vol. 11, pp. 561–571). Dove Medical Press Ltd. https://doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S180261

Vella, V., Nicolosi, M. L., Giuliano, S., Bellomo, M., Belfiore, A., & Malaguarnera, R. (2017). PPAR-γ agonists as antineoplastic agents in cancers with dysregulated IGF axis. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 8(FEB), 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2017.00031

Vogel, V. G. (2014). Role of Hormones in Cancer Prevention. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, 34, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.14694/edbook_am.2014.34.34

Volpato, M., & Hull, M. A. (2018). Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer. Cancer and Metastasis Reviews, 37(2–3), 545–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-018-9744-y

Waters, E. A., McNeel, T. S., Stevens, W. M., & Freedman, A. N. (2012). Use of tamoxifen and raloxifene for breast cancer chemoprevention in 2010. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 134(2), 875–880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-012-2089-2

Way, T. Der, Lee, H. H., Kao, M. C., & Lin, J. K. (2004). Black tea polyphenol theaflavins inhibit aromatase activity and attenuate tamoxifen resistance in HER2/neu-transfected human breast cancer cells through tyrosine kinase suppression. European Journal of Cancer, 40(14), 2165–2174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2004.06.018

Wright, T. I., Spencer, J. M., & Flowers, F. P. (2006). Chemoprevention of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 54(6), 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2005.08.062

Wu, L., Li, J., Liu, T., Li, S., Feng, J., Yu, Q., Zhang, J., Chen, J., Zhou, Y., Ji, J., Chen, K., Mao, Y., Wang, F., Dai, W., Fan, X., Wu, J., & Guo, C. (2019). Quercetin shows anti-tumor effect in hepatocellular carcinoma LM3 cells by abrogating JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Cancer Medicine, 8(10), 4806–4820. https://doi.org/10.1002/cam4.2388

Wu, W., Kang, S., & Zhang, D. (2013). Association of vitamin B 6, vitamin B 12 and methionine with risk of breast cancer: A dose-response meta-analysis. British Journal of Cancer, 109(7), 1926–1944. https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.438

Yan, Y., Gong, Z., & Xu, Z. (2019). Vitamin D supplementation and colorectal cancer prognosis. Medical Oncology, 36(8), 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-019-1293-x

Yang, W., Liu, L., Masugi, Y., Qian, Z. R., Nishihara, R., Wu, K., Smith-warner, S. A., Nowak, J. A., Zhang, L., Bowden, M., Morikawa, T., Wang, M., Chan, A. T., Fuchs, C. S., Jeffrey, A., Ng, K., Giovannucci, E., & Ogino, S. (2019). Calcium intake and risk of colorectal cancer according to expression status of calcium-sensing receptor (CASR). Gut, 67(8), 1475–1483. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314163.Calcium

Yang, Z., Su, Z., DeWitt, J. P., Xie, L., Chen, Y., Li, X., Han, L., Li, D., Xia, J., Zhang, Y., Yang, Y., Jin, C., Zhang, J., Li, S., Li, K., Zhang, Z., Qu, X., He, Z., Chen, Y., … Yuan, Z. (2017). Fluvastatin Prevents Lung Adenocarcinoma Bone Metastasis by Triggering Autophagy. EBioMedicine, 19, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.04.017

Yarosh, D., Bucana, C., Cox, P., Alas, L., Kibitel, J., & Kripke, M. (1994). Localization of liposomes containing a DNA repair enzyme in murine skin. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 103(4), 461–468. https://doi.org/10.1111/1523-1747.ep12395551

Yarosh, D., Klein, J., O’Connor, A., Hawk, J., Rafal, E., & Wolf, P. (2001). Effect of topically applied T4 endonuclease V in liposomes on skin cancer in xeroderma pigmentosum: A randomised study. Lancet, 357(9260), 926–929. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04214-8

Yurko-Mauro, K., Van Elswyk, M., & Teo, L. (2020). A scoping review of interactions between omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and genetic variation in relation to cancer risk. Nutrients, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061647

Zadorozhna, M., Tataranni, T., & Mangieri, D. (2019). Piperine: role in prevention and progression of cancer. In Molecular Biology Reports (Vol. 46, Issue 5, pp. 5617–5629). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04927-z

Zeng, J., Wang, K., Ye, F., Lei, L., Zhou, Y., Chen, J., Zhao, G., & Chang, H. (2019). Folate intake and the risk of breast cancer: an up-to-date meta-analysis of prospective studies. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 73(12), 1657–1660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-019-0394-0

Zhang, Z., Atwell, L. L., Farris, P. E., Ho, E., & Shannon, J. (2016). Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies. Public Health Nutrition, 19(7), 1288–1295. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001500244X

Zheng, S. Y., Li, Y., Jiang, D., Zhao, J., & Ge, J. F. (2012). Anticancer effect and apoptosis induction by quercetin in the human lung cancer cell line A-549. Molecular Medicine Reports, 5(3), 822–826. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2011.726

Zhou, Q., Pan, H., & Li, J. (2019). Molecular Insights into Potential Contributions of Natural Polyphenols to Lung Cancer Treatment. Cancers, 11(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers11101565

Zi, F., Zi, H., Li, Y., He, J., Shi, Q., & Cai, Z. (2018). Metformin and cancer: An existing drug for cancer prevention and therapy (review). In Oncology Letters (Vol. 15, Issue 1, pp. 683–690). Spandidos Publications. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2017.7412

Downloads

Published

15/07/2021

How to Cite

BAPTISTELLA, M. M. .; OLIVEIRA, C. S. de .; ASSUNÇÃO, R. R. S. .; OLIVEIRA, P. F. de . Chemoprevention and cancer in the brazilian context: From healthiness to diagnosis. Research, Society and Development, [S. l.], v. 10, n. 8, p. e44610817448, 2021. DOI: 10.33448/rsd-v10i8.17448. Disponível em: https://www.rsdjournal.org/index.php/rsd/article/view/17448. Acesso em: 20 apr. 2024.

Issue

Vol. 10 No. 8

Section

Health Sciences

License

Copyright (c) 2021 Mariane Minussi Baptistella; Carolina Sales de Oliveira; Raphaela Rebeca Silveira Assunção; Pollyanna Francielli de Oliveira

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.

2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.

3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.