Development of a fixed bed solar dryer: experimental study and CFD simulation
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i3.2667Keywords:
Solar drying; Sustainability; Moringa oleifera; Leaves; Soybeans.Abstract
Facing the challenges to develop more efficient solar dryers, this work used the Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to test different configurations of lateral air feeding in a fixed bed solar dryer. Through the simulations, it was found the best configuration of air inlet that provided a better fluid-particle contact. It was made a fixed bed solar dryer, which was tested using soybeans seeds and Moringa oleifera LAM leaves to evaluate the drying rate using two bed configurations: fully opened and partially opened inlets. The CFD results indicated that the air flow rate was more pronounced at the bed top, near the exhaust fan. This can explain the poor drying near the bottom for the experiments performed with all lateral inlets opened. According to the simulation results, the air velocity profile was more homogeneous when the air was fed only near the bottom. So, the use of a partially opened configuration led to a more homogenous solar drying, with a drying rate about 300% higher than the one using the fully opened inlets.
References
Agrawal, A. & Sarviya, R.M. (2016). A review of research and development work on solar dryers with heat storage. Int. J. Sustain. Energy, 35, 583–605.
Akbulut, A. & Durmuş, A. (2010). Energy and exergy analyses of thin layer drying of mulberry in a forced solar dryer. Energy, 35, 1754–1763.
Almeida, R.L.J., Santos, N.C., Pereira, T.S., Queiroga, A.P.R., Silva, V.M.A, Ribeiro, V.H.A., Araújo, R.D.A., Cabral, M.B., Silva, L.R.I. & Borges, E.M.E.S. (2020). Azuki bean drying kinetics: mathematical modeling and thermodynamic properties. Research, Society and Development, 9(3), e27932316.
Andrade, W.A., Cruz, G.P., Silva, M.S., Santos, M.F.O., Silva, G.F. & Santos, J.P.L (2020). Synthesis of a tensoative based on oil Moringa Oleífera Lam and formulation of microemulsioned systems for breaking oil water emulsions. Research, Society and Development, 9(2), e193922194.
Araújo, B.S.A. & Santos, K.G. (2017). CFD Simulation of Different Flow Regimes of the Spout Fluidized Bed with Draft Plates. Mater. Sci. Forum, 899, 89–94.
Atalay, H., Turhan Çoban, M. & Kıncay, O. (2017). Modeling of the drying process of apple slices: Application with a solar dryer and the thermal energy storage system. Energy, 134, 382–391.
Barros, S.L., Câmara, G.B., Leite, D.D.F., Santos, N.C., Santos, F.S., Soares, T.C., Lima, A.R.N., Soares, T.C., Oliveira, M.N., Vasconcelos, U.A.A., Albuquerque, A.P. & Queiroz, A.J.M. (2020). Mathematical modeling of drying kinetics of kino bark (Cucumis metuliferus). Research, Society and Development, 9(1), e60911608.
Béttega, R., Barrozo, M., Corrêa, R. & Freire, J. (2013). CFD simulation of heat transfer inside packed beds: Evaluation of effective thermal conductivity, JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 8(2), 137-148 .
Béttega, R., Moreira, M.F.P., Corrêa, R.G. & Freire, J.T. (2011). Mathematical simulation of radial heat transfer in packed beds by pseudohomogeneous modeling. Particuology, 9, 107–113.
Bortolotti, C.T., Santos, K.G., Francisquetti, M.C.C., Duarte, C.R. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2013). Hydrodynamic study of a mixture of west Indian cherry residue and soybean grains in a spouted bed. Can. J. Chem. Eng., 91(11), 1871-1880.
Câmara, G.B., Oliveira, T.K.B., Leite, D.D.F., Soares, T.C., Lima, A.R.N., Vasconcelos, S.H., Barbosa , M.L. & Trigueiro, L.S.L. (2019). Physico-chemical, toxicological and nutritional characterization of dry and in natura Moringa oleifera Lam leaves, Research, Society and Development, 8(11), e178111450.
Cunha, F.G., Santos, K.G., Ataíde, C.H., Epstein, N. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2009). Annatto Powder Production in a Spouted Bed: An Experimental and CFD Study. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 48, 976–982.
Cunha, R.N., Santos, K.G., Lima, R.N., Duarte, C.R. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2016). Repose angle of monoparticles and binary mixture: An experimental and simulation study. Powder Technol., 303, 203–211.
Ergun, S. (1952). Fluid Flow Through Packed Column, Chem. Eng. Prog., 48(2), 89-95.
Gomes, M.E.M., Albuquerque, A.P., Rodrigues, T.J.A., Wanderley, D.M.A., Rocha, A.P.T. & Silva, O.S. (2020). Prediction of kinetic models for drying lemon balm leaves in a convective dryer. Research, Society and Development, 9(2), e86922052.
INPE (2017). Brazilian Atlas of Solar Energy. http://labren.ccst.inpe.br/atlas_2017-en.html.
Krawczyk, P. & Badyda, K. (2011). Two-dimensional CFD modeling of the heat and mass transfer process during sewage sludge drying in a solar dryer, Archives of Thermodynamics, 32, 3–16.
Leon, M.A. & Kumar, S. (2008). Design and Performance Evaluation of a Solar-Assisted Biomass Drying System with Thermal Storage. Dry. Technol., 26, 936–947.
Mardiyani, S.A., Hadi Sumarlan, S., Dwi Argo, B. & Setyo Leksono, A. (2019). Design of Eco-friendly Fixed Bed Dryer Based on A Combination of Solar Collector and Photovoltaic Module, Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 18(1), 21-30.
Müller, C.R., Scott, S.A., Holland, D.J., Clarke, B.C., Sederman, A.J., Dennis, J.S. & Gladden, L.F. (2009). Validation of a discrete element model using magnetic resonance measurements. Particuology, 7(4), 297–306.
Vieira Neto, J.L., Duarte, C.R., Murata, V. V. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2008). Effect of a Draft Tube on the Fluid Dynamics of a Spouted Bed: Experimental and CFD Studies. Drying Technol., 26(3), 299–307.
Olabode; Z., Olunlade, B., Akanbi, C. & Adeola, A. (2015). Effects of Drying Temperature on the Nutrients of Moringa (Moringa oleifera) Leaves and Sensory Attributes of Dried Leaves Infusion. Direct research journal of agriculture and food science, 3(5), 117–122.
Perumal, S., Klaus, B., 2003. Antioxidant Properties of Various Solvent Extracts of Total Phenolic Constituents from Three Different Agroclimatic Origins of Drumstick Tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.) Leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem., 51(8), 2144–2155.
Ratti, C. & Mujumdar, A.S. (1997). Solar drying of foods: Modeling and numerical simulation. Solar Energy, 60, 151–157.
Rigueto, C.V.T., Nazari, M.T., Evaristo, L.M., Rossetto, M., Dettmer, A., Geraldi, C.A.Q. & Piccin, J.S. (2020). Influence of foam-mat drying temperature of red jambo (Syzygium malaccense). Research, Society and Development, 9(3), e40932382.
Santos, A.R.A., Cruz, L.A. & Gontijo, H.M. (2019). Study of water and sewage systems in the rural community of Capela Branca in Bela Vista de Minas/MG. Research, Society and Development; 8(2), e4782740.
Santos, K.G., Francisquetti, M.C.C., Malagoni, R.A. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2015). Fluid Dynamic Behavior in a Spouted Bed with Binary Mixtures Differing in Size. Drying Technology, 33(14), 1746–1757.
Santos, K.G., Santos, D.A., Duarte, C.R., Murata, V.V., Barrozo, M.A.S. (2012). Spouting of Bidisperse Mixture of Particles: A CFD and Experimental Study, Drying Technology, 30, 1354–1367.
Santos, N.C., Leite, D.D.F., Câmara, G.B., Barros, S.L. & Santos, F.S. (2020a). Mathematical modeling of drying kinetics of grapefruit peels (Citrus paradisi Macf.).Research, Society and Development, 9(1), e61911609.
Santos, N.C., Almeida, R.L.J., Pereira, T.S., Queiroga, A.P.R., Silva, V.M.A., Amaral, D.S., Almeida, R.D., Ribeiro, V.H.A., Barros, E.R. & Silva, L.R.I. (2020b) Mathematical modeling applied to the drying kinetics of pitomba bark (Talisia esculenta). Research, Society and Development, 9(2), e46921986.
Silva, D.I.S., Nogueira, G.D.R., Duzzioni, A.G. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2013). Changes of antioxidant constituents in pineapple (Ananas comosus) residue during drying process. Ind. Crops Prod., 50, 557–562.
Silva, D.I.S., Souza, G.F.M.V. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2019). Heat and mass transfer of fruit residues in a fixed bed dryer: Modeling and product quality. Drying Technology, 37(10), 1321–1327.
Silvério, B.C., Santos, K.G., Duarte, C.R. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2014). Effect of the Friction, Elastic, and Restitution Coefficients on the Fluid Dynamics Behavior of a Rotary Dryer Operating with Fertilizer. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 53(21), 8920–8926.
Souza, G.F.M.V., Miranda, R.F., Lobato, F.S. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2015). Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in a fixed bed dryer. Appl. Therm. Eng., 90, 38–44.
Souza, G. F. M. V., Miranda, R.F., Barrozo, M.A.S. (2015). Soybean ( Glycine max L. Merrill) Seed Drying in Fixed Bed: Process Heterogeneity and Seed Quality. Drying Technology, 33(14), 1779–1787.
Tegenaw, P. D., Gebrehiwot, M. G. &Vanierschot, M. (2019). On the comparison between computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and lumped capacitance modeling for the simulation of transient heat transfer in solar dryers. Solar Energy, 184, 417–425.
Vieira, L.G.M., Silva, D.O. & Barrozo, M.A.S. (2016). Effect of Inlet Diameter on the Performance of a Filtering Hydrocyclone Separator. Chem. Eng. Technol., 39(8), 1406–1412.
Vieira Neto, J.L., Costa, D.D.L., Souza, L.V., Pires, R.F., Souza, D.L., Silvério, B.C. & Santos, K.G. (2017). A Fluid Dynamic Study in a Rotating Disk Applied in Granulation of Fertilizers. Mater. Sci. Forum, 899, 142–147.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
