Degradation of cytarabine, creatinine, and urea in artificial urine by a photo-assisted sono-electrochemical process
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i8.5425Keywords:
Advanced Oxidation Process; Chemotherapeutics; Electrochemistry; Factorial Planning; Hospital effluent; Photochemistry; Sonochemistry.Abstract
The present work had as its objective, the evaluation of the combination of electrochemical, photochemical and sonrochemical techniques (sono-electrochemical photoassisted) applied to degradation of cytarabine (chemotherapeutic drug) in a simulated urine that continues with creatinine and laboratory research. The paper involved laboratory research with both a qualitative and quantitative approach. A continuous-flow filter-press electrochemical reactor was employed using Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA® - Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2) as the electrode material. A 23 factorial design was used to optimize the degradation of organic compounds contained in artificial urine (creatinine and urea) together with cytarabine, varying applied current, retention time and flow rate, the response variable was total organic carbon (TOC) removal. Additionally, UHPLC analyses demonstrated the removal of ancitabine (precursor of cytarabine), corroborating with the data obtained by the from the experimental design. The use of artificial urine as an electronic support interferes with the electrochemical process, taking TOC to high levels. However, it was observed that there was significant removal of the organic load present in the effluent solution, even when a more complex degradation matrix is used (artificial urine).
References
Allwood, M., Stanley, A. & Wright, P. (2002). The Cytotoxics Handbook. Radcliffe Medical Press, 2002.
AWWA, APHA, and WEF (2017) standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, Washington, American Public Health Association.
Campins Falcó, P., Tortajada Genaro, L. A., Meseger Lloret, S., Blasco Gomez, F., Sevillano Cabeza, A., & Molins Legua, C. (2001) Creatinine determination in urine samples by batchwise kinetic procedure and flow injection analysis using the Jaffé reaction: Chemometric study. Talanta, 55(6), 1079–1089. doi:10.1016/S0039-9140(01)00522-7
Costa, S. H. M. (2010). Tratamento e disposição final de resíduos de medicamentos quimioterápicos e de rejeitos radioterápicos: estudo comparativo entre a legislação internacional e a brasileira (Treatment and disposal of waste chemotherapy drugs and radiotherapy tailings: a comparative study between the Brazilian and international legislation) [MSc thesis]. Postgraduate program of the Department of Sanitation and Environmental Engineering: National School of Public Health Sergio Arouca. Available at: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/2465?mode=simple
Hirose, J. et al. (2005) Inactivation of antineoplastics in clinical wastewater by electrolysis. Chemosphere, 60(8), 1018–1024. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.01.024
Jamil Akhtar, M., Ataullah Khan, M., & Ahmad, I. (2003) Identification of photoproducts of folic acid and its degradation pathways in aqueous solution. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 31(3), 579–588. doi:10.1016/s0731-7085(02)00724-0
Kissinger, L. D., & Stemm, N. L. (1986) Determination of the antileukemia agents cytarabine and azacitidine and their respective degradation products by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 353(C), 309–318. doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(01)87101-6
Knorst, M. T., Neubert, R., & Wohlrab, W. (1997) Analytical methods for measuring urea in pharmaceutical formulations. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 15(11), 1627–1632. doi: 10.1016/s0731-7085(96)01978-4
Kobayashi, T., et al. (2012) Application of electrolysis for detoxification of an antineoplastic in urine. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 78, 123–127. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.028
Laube, N., Mohr, B., & Hesse, A. (2001) Laser-probe-based investigation of the evolution of particle size distributions of calcium oxalate particles formed in artificial urines. Journal of Crystal Growth, 233(1–2), 367–374. doi: 10.1016/S0022-0248(01)01547-0
Malpass, G. R. P., Miwa, D. W., Miwa, A. C. P., Machado, S. A. S., & Motheo, A.J. (2007) Photo-Assisted Electrochemical Oxidation of Atrazine on a commercial Ti/Ru0.3Ti0.7O2 DSA electrode. Environmental Science and Technology, 41, 7120-7125. doi: 10.1021/es070798n
de Mello Florêncio, T. et al. (2016) Photo-assisted electrochemical degradation of simulated textile effluent coupled with simultaneous chlorine photolysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(19), 19292–19301. doi: 10.1007/s11356-016-6912-x
Michelini, L. J. (2014) Avaliação físico-química, microbiológica e ecotoxicológica de efluentes oriundos de clínicas de oncologia do município de goiânia. Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia do Meio Ambiente, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia. Available at: https://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3837
Molinari, R., Pirillo, F., Loddo, V., & Palmisano, L. (2006) Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water by using polycrystalline TiO2 and a nanofiltration membrane reactor. Catalysis Today, 118(1–2), 205–213. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2005.11.091
Moura, L., & Silva, R. F. (2016) Medicamentos antineoplásicos no meio ambiente: a contribuição de um hospital universitário de alta complexidade Leonardo. Revista Gestão & Sustentabilidade Ambiental, 5(1), 313–333. doi: 10.19177/rgsa.v5e12016313-333
Parra, K. N., Gul, S., Aquino, J. M., Miwa, D. W., & Motheo, A. J. (2016) Electrochemical degradation of tetracycline in artificial urine medium. Journal of Solid-State Electrochemistry, 20(4), 1001–1009. doi: 10.1007/s10008-015-2833-8
Pereira, A. S. et al (2018). Methodology of cientific research. [e-Book]. Santa Maria City. UAB / NTE / UFSM Editors. Accessed on: June, 23th, 2020.Available at: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.
Pereira De Sousa, D. D. et al. (2019) Treatment of real dairy wastewater by electrolysis and photo-assisted electrolysis in presence of chlorides. Water Science and Technology, 80(5), 961–969. doi: 10.2166/wst.2019.339
Pinto, C. F. et al. (2019) Experimental-design-guided approach for the removal of atrazine by sono-electrochemical-UV-chlorine techniques. Environmental Technology, 40(4), 430-440. doi: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1395480
Rabii, F. W., Segura, P. A., Fayad, P. B., & Sauvé, S. (2014) Determination of six chemotherapeutic agents in municipal wastewater using online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Science of the Total Environment, 487(1), 792–800. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.050
Reis, R. M. et al. (2012) Use of gas diffusion electrode for the in situ generation of hydrogen peroxide in an electrochemical flow-by reactor. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(2), 649–654. doi: 10.1021/ie201317u
Shewach, D. S., & Kuchta, R. D. (2009) Introduction to cancer chemotherapeutics. Chemical Reviews, 109(7), 2859–2861. doi: 10.1021/cr900208x
Singla, J., Verma, A., & Sangal, V. K. (2018) Parametric optimization for the treatment of human urine metabolite, creatinine using electro-oxidation. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 809, 136–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.061
Sousa, E. S. et al. (2017) Processos Eletroquímicos Oxidativos Avançados para Degradação do Complexo EDTA-Ni (II). Revista Brasileira de Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação, 2(2), 125–138. doi: 10.18554/rbcti.v2i2.3058
Stumpf, M., Ternes, T. A., Wilken, R. D., Rodrigues, S.V., & Baumann, W. (1999) Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Science of the Total Environment, 225(1–2), 135–141. doi: 10.1016/s0048-9697(98)00339-8
Xiang, Y., Fang, J., & Shang, C. (2016) Kinetics and pathways of ibuprofen degradation by the UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process. Water Research, 90, 301–308. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.11.069
Yu, Y., & Wu, L. (2011) Comparison of four extraction methods for the analysis of pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Journal of Chromatography A, 1218(18), 2483–2489. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.050
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
