Effects of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of COVID 19: a systematic review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i12.11174Keywords:
Coronavirus Infections; Vitamin D Deficiency; Nutritional Therapy; Prevention; COVID-19; Treatment.Abstract
Introduction: Currently, the world has faced one of the largest pandemies with SARS-CoV-2, which causes the COVID-19 disease. It is notorious that its clinical spectrum has a wide variation, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe conditions. Among some potential factors being correlated by research with infection and disease severity is vitamin D. Thus, the present study aims to understand the effects of vitamin D on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted in the PubMed, Cochrane and Scielo databases, based on articles published in 2019 and 2020. Of the 319 articles identified, 7 were selected from observational studies and one clinical trial. Results: Few studies are available to date, and studies have brought controversial results, since observational studies have associated that low vitamin D levels could interfere with the prevention and severity of the disease, but others have not observed associations. Conclusion: There is still no scientific basis for establishing a causal relationship between vitamin D levels and SARS-CoV-2 infection, whether in prevention, treatment or mortality. Therefore, further studies are needed to understand how these factors interact.
References
Aranow, C. (2011). Vitamin D and the immune system. Journal of investigative medicine: the official publication of the American Federation for Clinical Research, 59(6), 881–886. https://doi.org/10.2310/JIM.0b013e31821b8755
Boulware, D. R., Pullen, M. F., Bangdiwala, A. S., Pastick, K. A., Lofgren, S. M., Okafor, E. C., Skipper, C. P., Nascene, A. A., Nicol, M. R., Abassi, M., Engen, N. W., Cheng, M. P., LaBar, D., Lother, S. A., MacKenzie, L. J., Drobot, G., Marten, N., Zarychanski, R., Kelly, L. E., Schwartz, I. S, & Hullsiek, K. H. (2020). A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 383(6), 517–525. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2016638
Caccialanza, R., Laviano, A., Lobascio, F., Montagna, E., Bruno, R., Ludovisi, S., Corsico, A. G., Di Sabatino, A., Belliato, M., Calvi, M., Iacona, I., Grugnetti, G., Bonadeo, E., Muzzi, A, & Cereda, E. (2020). Early nutritional supplementation in non-critically ill patients hospitalized for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19): Rationale and feasibility of a shared pragmatic protocol. Nutrition, 74, 110835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2020.110835
Cao, B., Wang, Y., Wen, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Fan, G., Ruan, L., Song, B., Cai, Y., Wei, M., Li, X., Xia, J., Chen, N., Xiang, J., Yu, T., Bai, T., Xie, X., Zhang, L., Li, C., Yuan, Y, & Wang, C. (2020). A Trial of Lopinavir-Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(19), 1787–1799. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001282
Charoenngam, N, & Holick, M. F. (2020). Immunologic Effects of Vitamin D on Human Health and Disease. Nutrients, 12(7), 2097. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12072097
D'Avolio, A., Avataneo, V., Manca, A., Cusato, J., De Nicolò, A., Lucchini, R., Keller, F, & Cantù, M. (2020). 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2. Nutrients, 12(5), 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051359
Entrenas, C. M., Entrenas, C. L. M., Vaquero, B. J. M., Alcalá, D. J. F., López, M. J., Bouillon, R, & Quesada, G. J. M. (2020). Effect of calcifediol treatment and best available therapy versus best available therapy on intensive care unit admission and mortality among patients hospitalized for COVID-19: A pilot randomized clinical study. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 203, 105751. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105751
Galvão, T. F., Pansani, T. S. A, & Harrad, D. (2015). Principais itens para relatar Revisões sistemáticas e Meta-análises: A recomendação PRISMA. Epidemiologia e Serviços de Saúde, 24(2), 335-342. https://doi.org/10.5123/S1679-49742015000200017
Grant, W. B., Lahore, H., McDonnell, S. L., Baggerly, C. A., French, C. B., Aliano, J. L, & Bhattoa, H. P. (2020). Evidence that Vitamin D Supplementation Could Reduce Risk of Influenza and COVID-19 Infections and Deaths. Nutrients, 12(4), 988. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040988
Greiller, C. L, & Martineau, A. R. (2015). Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients, 7(6), 4240–4270. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064240
Guan, W. J., Ni, Z. Y., Hu, Y., Liang, W. H., Ou, C. Q., He, J. X., Liu, L., Shan, H., Lei, C. L., Hui, D., Du, B., Li, L. J., Zeng, G., Yuen, K. Y., Chen, R. C., Tang, C. L., Wang, T., Chen, P. Y., Xiang, J, & Li, S. Y. China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19 (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
Hastie, C. E., Mackay, D. F., Ho, F., Celis-Morales, C. A., Katikireddi, S. V., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Jani, B. D., Welsh, P., Mair, F. S., Gray, S. R., O'Donnell, C. A., Gill, J. M., Sattar, N, & Pell, J. P. (2020). Vitamin D concentrations and COVID-19 infection in UK Biobank. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome, 14(4), 561–565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.04.050
Ilie, P. C., Stefanescu, S, & Smith, L. (2020). The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(7), 1195–1198. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01570-8
Laird, E., Rhodes, J, & Kenny, R. A. (2020). Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19. Irish Medical Journal, 113(5), 81.
Marques, C., Dantas, A., Fragoso, T, & Duarte, A. (2010). A importância dos níveis de vitamina D nas doenças autoimunes. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, 50(1), 67-80. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0482-50042010000100007
Mendy, A., Apewokin, S., Wells, A. A, & Morrow, A. L. (2020). Factors Associated with Hospitalization and Disease Severity in a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Population of COVID-19 Patients. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.06.25.20137323
Pereira, A. S., Shitsuka, D. M., Parreira, F. J, & Shitsuka, R. (2018). Metodologia da Pesquisa Científica [e-book]. Santa Maria. 1ª ed. UAB/NTE/UFSM. Recuperado de: https://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/handle/1/15824/Lic_Computacao_Metodologia-Pesquisa-Cientifica.pdf?sequence=1.
Prietl, B., Treiber, G., Pieber, T. R, & Amrein, K. (2013). Vitamin D and immune function. Nutrients, 5(7), 2502–2521. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu5072502
Santos, C., Pimenta, C, & Nobre, M. (2007). A estratégia PICO para a construção da pergunta de pesquisa e busca de evidências. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 15(3), 508-511. https://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0104-11692007000300023
Sifuentes-Rodríguez, E, & Palacios-Reyes, D. (2020). COVID-19: The outbreak caused by a new coronavirus. COVID-19: la epidemia causada por un nuevo coronavirus. Boletin Medico del Hospital Infantil de Mexico, 77(2), 47–53. https://doi.org/10.24875/BMHIM.20000039
Skipper, C. P., Pastick, K. A., Engen, N. W., Bangdiwala, A. S., Abassi, M., Lofgren, S. M., Williams, D. A., Okafor, E. C., Pullen, M. F., Nicol, M. R., Nascene, A. A., Hullsiek, K. H., Cheng, M. P., Luke, D., Lother, S. A., MacKenzie, L. J., Drobot, G., Kelly, L. E., Schwartz, I. S., Zarychanski, R, & Boulware, D. R. (2020). Hydroxychloroquine in Nonhospitalized Adults with Early COVID-19: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 173(8), 623–631. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-4207
Urashima, M., Segawa, T., Okazaki, M., Kurihara, M., Wada, Y, & Ida, H. (2010). Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 91(5), 1255–1260. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2009.29094
Wang, Y., Zhang, D., Du, G., Du, R., Zhao, J., Jin, Y., Fu, S., Gao, L., Cheng, Z., Lu, Q., Hu, Y., Luo, G., Wang, K., Lu, Y., Li, H., Wang, S., Ruan, S., Yang, C., Mei, C., Wang, Y, & Wang, C. (2020). Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet, 395(10236), 1569–1578. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31022-9
World Health Organization (2020). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019.
Zdrenghea, M. T., Makrinioti, H., Bagacean, C., Bush, A., Johnston, S. L, & Stanciu, L. A. (2017). Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Reviews in Medical Virology, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1909
Zemb, P., Bergman, P, Camargo, C. A, Jr, Cavalier, E., Cormier, C., Courbebaisse, M., Hollis, B., Joulia, F., Minisola, S., Pilz, S., Pludowski, P., Schmitt, F., Zdrenghea, M, & Souberbielle, J. C. (2020). Vitamin D deficiency and the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 22, 133–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2020.05.006
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2020 Thiago Poss Moreira; Victor de Souza Costa; Lirane Elize Defante Ferreto; Guilherme Welter Wendt
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
