Typification and adulteration analysis of Brazilian honeys: a systematic review from 2010 to 2020
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i2.26026Keywords:
Chromatography; Nuclear magnetic resonance; Spectroscopy.Abstract
Honey is the most consumed bee product worldwide, due to its characteristic flavor and the nutritional and therapeutic properties. Brazil is among the largest honey-producing countries, however, due to its high demand, both in the national and international markets, more forms of adulteration have been registered, resulting in economic losses to beekeepers and risks to consumers' health. Thus, this research carried out a systematic review through the CAPES journal portal in order to detect the use of metabolomics analysis based on chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for typification and detection of fraud and contaminants in honey, over the 2010-2020 years. Of the total articles recovered from the platform (n = 184) using the keywords "honey", "Brazil", "gas chromatography", "liquid chromatography", "nuclear magnetic resonance", and "spectrometry”, 25 studies met the parameters of interest. Chromatographic techniques were mainly used for pesticide detection and spectroscopy for metal detection, while the only NMR-based study found unnatural substances in honey. In addition to the importance of adopting these modern analytical techniques in conjunction with chemometrics, it is necessary to create databases for continuously record the evolution of cases and types of frauds, as already done in other countries, corroborating to jeopardize the occurrence of recursive types of frauds and supporting policy-makers to update the current Brazilian legislation that covers this matter, which dates from 2000.
References
ABEMEL. (2018). Associação Brasileira dos Exportadores de Mel. Setor apícola brasileiro em números: Inteligência comercial. https://brazilletsbee.com .br/INT ELIG%C 3%8ANCIA%20COMERCIAL%20ABEMEL%20-%20JANEIRO2018.pdf
ABEMEL. (2021). Associação Brasileira dos Exportadores de Mel. Dados estatísticos do mercado de mel - Ano 2021. https://brazilletsbee.com.br/dados-setoriais.aspx
Aishwarya, S. S., Gowri, V., & Chellathai, D. D. (2019). Honey a therapeutic trial in osteosarcoma. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 12(6), 2929-2962. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-360x.2019.00498.0
Almeida, M. O., Oloris, S. C. S., Faria, V. H. F., Ribeiro, M. C. M., Cantini, D. M., & Soto-Blanco, B. (2020). Optimization of method for pesticide detection in honey by using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection. Foods, 9(10), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9101368
Al-Mosa, A., Brima, E. I., Fawy, K. F., AL Ghrama, H. A., & Mohammed, M. E. A. (2019). Antioxidant vitamins in honey samples from different floral origins and altitudes in asir region at the south-western part of Saudi Arabia. Current Nutrition & Food Science, 15(3), 296–304. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573401314666180606085841
Andrade, C. K., Anjos, V. E., Felsner, M. L., Torres, Y. R., & Quináia, S. P. (2014a). Direct determination of Cd, Pb and Cr in honey by slurry sampling electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Food Chemistry, 146, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.065
Andrade, C. K., Anjos, V. E., Felsner, M. L., Torres, Y. R., & Quináia, S. P. (2014b). Relationship between geographical origin and contents of Pb, Cd, and Cr in honey samples from the state of Paraná (Brazil) with chemometric approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 21(21), 12372–12381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3175-2
APACAME. Associação Paulista de Apicultores criadores de abelhas melificas européias. Considerações técnico-cientificas sobre o 46º Congresso Internacional de Apicultura da Apimondia Montreal-Canadá. São Paulo, 2021. http://apacame.org.br/site/revista/mensagem-doce-n-154-novembro-de-2019/apimondia/
Barreto, F., Ribeiro, C., Hoff, R. B., & Costa, T. D. (2012). Determination and confirmation of chloramphenicol in honey, fish and prawns by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry with minimum sample preparation: validation according to 2002/657/EC Directive. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29(4), 550–558. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.641160
Bedendo, G. C., Jardim, I. C. S. F., & Carasek, E. (2010). A simple hollow fiber renewal liquid membrane extraction method for analysis of sulfonamides in honey samples with determination by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1217(42), 6449–6454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.08.030
Boffo, E. F., Tavares, L. A., Tobias, A. C. T., Ferreira, M. M. C., & Ferreira, A. G. (2012). Identification of components of Brazilian honey by 1H NMR and classification of its botanical origin by chemometric methods. LWT, 49(1), 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2012.04.024
Brazil. (1999). Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa SDA/MMA 42/1999. Brasília. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/inspecao/produtos-animal/plano-de-nacional-de-controle-de-residuos-e-contaminantes/documentos-da-pncrc/instrucao-normativa-sda-n-o-42-de-20-de-dezembro-de-1999.pdf/view
Brazil. (2000). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa 11, de 20 de outubro de 2000. Brasília. http://www.cidasc.sc.gov.br/inspecao/files/2012/08/IN-11-de-2000.pdf
Brazil. (2014). Ministério da Agricultura e do Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa SDA nº 11, de 07 de maio de 2014. Brasília. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/inspecao/produtos-animal/plano-de-nacional-de-controle-de-residuos-e-contaminantes/documentos-da-pncrc/pncrc-2014.pdf
Brazil. (2019a). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Instrução Normativa nº 5, de 23 de abril de 2019. Brasília. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/inspecao/produtos-animal/plano-de-nacional-de-controle-de-residuos-e-contaminantes/InstruoNormativaN05.2019PNCRC2019.pdf
Brazil. (2019b). Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos – PARA. Relatório das Amostras Analisadas no período de 2017-2018. Primeiro ciclo do Plano Plurianual 2017-2020. Brasília: Anvisa. https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/agrotoxicos/programa-de-analise-de-residuos-em-alimentos/arquivos/3770json-file-1
Brazil. (2022). Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento. Registros concedidos – 2005-2021. Brasília. https://www.gov.br/agricultura/pt-br/assuntos/insumos-agropecuarios/insumos-agricolas/agrotoxicos/informacoes-tecnicas
Cheung, Y., Meenu, M., Yu, X., & Xu, B. (2019). Phenolic acids and flavonoids profiles of commercial honey from different floral sources and geographic sources. International Journal of Food Properties, 22(1), 290–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/10942912.2019.1579835
Cianciosi, D, Forbes-Hernández, T. Y., Afrin, S., Gasparrini, M., Quiles, J. L., Gil, E., Bompadre, S., Simal-Gandara, J., Battino, M., & Giampieri, F. (2020). The influence of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the anticancer activity of manuka honey. Antioxidants, 9(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010064
Codex Alimentarius. (2019). Standard for honey. CXs 12-1981. Codex Alimentarius Commission. http://www.fao.org/fao-who-codexalimentarius/sh-proxy/en/?lnk=1&url=https%253A%252F%252Fworkspace.fao.org%252Fsites%252Fcodex%252FStandards%252FCXS%2B12-1981%252FCXS_012e.pdf
Consonni, R., & Cagliani, L. R. (2015). Recent developments in honey characterization. RSC Advances, 5(73), 59696–59714. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ra05828g
Costa, V. C., Picoloto, R. S., Hartwig, C. A., Mello, P. A., Flores, E. M. M., & Mesko, M. F. (2015). Feasibility of ultra-trace determination of bromine and iodine in honey by ICP-MS using high sample mass in microwave-induced combustion. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 407(26), 7957–7964. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8967-9
De-Melo, A. A. M., Almeida-Muradian, L. B., Sancho, M. T., & Pascual-Maté, A. (2017). Composition and properties of Apis mellifera honey: A review. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57(1), 5–37. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2017.1338444
Depoi, F. S., Bentlin, F. R. S., & Pozebon, D. (2010). Methodology for Hg determination in honey using cloud point extraction and cold vapour-inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 2(2), 180–185. https://doi.org/10.1039/b9ay00189a
Drivelos, S. A., Danezis, G. P., Halagarda, M., Popek, S., & Georgiou, C. A. (2021). Geographical origin and botanical type honey authentication through elemental metabolomics via chemometrics. Food Chemistry, 338, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127936
Gan, Z., Yang, Y., Li, J., Wen, X., Zhu, M., Jiang, Y., & Ni, Y. (2016). Using sensor and spectral analysis to classify botanical origin and determine adulteration of raw honey. Journal of Food Engineering, 178, 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2016.01.016
García, N. L. (2018). The current situation on the international honey market. Bee World, 95(3), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.1080/0005772x.2018.1483814
Ghramh, H. A., Ibrahim, E. H., & Kilany, M. (2020). Study of anticancer, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, and silver nanoparticles production by Sidr honey from three different sources. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(1), 445–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1328
Guelpa, A., Marini, F., du Plessis, A., Slabbert, R., & Manley, M. (2017). Verification of authenticity and fraud detection in South African honey using NIR spectroscopy. Food Control, 73, 1388–1396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.11.002
Honório, G. G., Azevedo, G. C., Matos, M. A. C., Oliveira, M. A. L., & Matos, R. C. (2014). Use of boron-doped diamond electrode pre-treated cathodically for the determination of trace metals in honey by differential pulse voltammetry. Food Control, 36(1), 42–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.004
IBGE. (2017). Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Censo Agropecuário 2017 - resultados preliminares. https://sidra.ibge.gov.br/pesquisa/censoagropecuario/censo-agropecuario-2017
Kakengi, A. M. V., & Idani, G. (2018). Antimicrobial activities of tanzania honey bees in relation to vegetation types. Journal of Apiculture, 33(2), 107–115. https://doi.org/10.17519/apiculture.2018.06.33.2.107
Khan, N., & Khan, W. (2018). Review of past literature of honey beekeeping and its production in rural area of the world. Food Science and Quality Management, 74, 18-23.
Kuballa, T, Brunner, T. S., Thongpanchang, T, Walch, S. G., & Lachenmeier, D. W. (2018). Application of NMR for authentication of honey, beer and spices. Current Opinion in Food Science, 19, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cofs.2018.01.007
Leme, A. B. P., Bianchi, S. R., Carneiro, R. L., & Nogueira, A. R. A. (2014). Optimization of sample preparation in the determination of minerals and trace elements in honey by ICP-MS. Food Analytical Methods, 7(5), 1009–1015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-013-9706-5
Ligor, M., Bukowska, M., Ratiu, I-A., Gadzała-Kopciuch, R., & Buszewski, B. (2020). Determination of neonicotinoids in honey samples originated from Poland and other world countries. Molecules, 25(24), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245817
Ling Chin, N., & Sowndhararajan, K. (2020). A review on analytical methods for honey classification, identification and authentication. In Honey Analysis - New Advances and Challenges. IntechOpen, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.90232
Liu, C., Zhao, L., Sun, Z., Cheng, N., Xue, X., Wu, L., & Cao, W. (2018). Determination of three flavor enhancers using HPLC-ECD and its application in detecting adulteration of honey. Analytical Methods, 10(7), 743–748. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7ay02248d
Machado, A. M., Miguel, M. G, Vilas-Boas, M & Figueiredo, AC. (2020). Honey volatiles as a fingerprint for botanical origin – A review on their occurrence on monofloral honeys. Molecules, 25(2), 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25020374
Marcazzan, G. L., Mucignat-Caretta, C., Marina Marchese, C., & Piana, M. L. (2017). A review of methods for honey sensory analysis. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57(1), 75–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2017.1357940
Marquele-Oliveira, F., Carrão, D. B., Souza, R. O., Baptista, N. U., Nascimento, A. P., Torres, E. C, Moreno, G. P, Buszinski, A. F. M., Miguel, F. G., Cuba, G. L., Reis, T. F., Lambertucci, J., Redher, C., & Berretta, A. A. (2017). Fundamentals of brazilian honey analysis: An overview. In Honey Analysis. InTech, 139–170. https://doi.org/10.5772/67279
Mesko, M. F., Balbinot, F. P., Scaglioni, P. T., Nascimento, M. S., Picoloto, R. S., & Costa, V. C. (2020). Determination of halogens and sulfur in honey: a green analytical method using a single analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 412(24), 6475–6484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-020-02636-2
Moore, J. C., Spink, J. & Lipp, M. (2012). Development and application of a database of food ingredient fraud and economically motivated adulteration from 1980 to 2010. Journal of Food Science, 77(4), 118–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2012.02657.x
Muller, E. I., Souza, J. P., Anschau, K. F., Enders, M. S. P., Muller, A. L. H., Mortari, S. R., & Duarte, F. A. (2017). Determination of Br, Cl and I in honey using ICP-based techniques following microwave-assisted wet digestion with alkaline H2O2 in a single reaction chamber. Analytical Methods, 9(4), 649–654. https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ay02865a
Nascimento, C. M. S. A., Pontes, E. D. S., Alves, M. E. F., Souza, M. L. A., Silva, E. C. A., Dantas, C. M. G., Costa, T. A. M., & Silva, E. C. A. (2018). Atividade antioxidante e riqueza nutricional do mel como promotor de redução de radicais livres no organismo. International Journal of Nutrology, 11, 1. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1674436
Newby, R. S, Dryden, M, Allan, R. N & Salib, R. J. (2018). Antimicrobial activity of a novel bioengineered honey against non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae biofilms: an in vitro study. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 71(6), 554–558. https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2017-204901
Nunes, A, Schmitz, C, Moura, S & Maraschin, M. (2021). The influence of recent Brazilian policy and legislation on increasing bee mortality. Research, Society and Development, 10(4), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i4.14157
Oroian, M, Ropciuc, S & Paduret, S. (2017). Honey adulteration detection using raman spectroscopy. Food Analytical Methods, 11(4), 959–968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-017-1072-2
Orso, D, Floriano, L, Ribeiro, L. C, Bandeira, N. M. G., Prestes, O. D., & Zanella, R. (2015). Simultaneous determination of multiclass pesticides and antibiotics in honey samples based on Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Food Analytical Methods, 9(6), 1638–1653. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-015-0339-8
Page, M. J, McKenzie, J. E, Bossuyt, P. M, Boutron, I, Hoffmann, T. C, Mulrow, C. D, Shamseer, L, Tetzlaff, J. M, Akl, E. A., Brennan, SE, Chou, R, Glanville, J, Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A, Lalu, M. M., Li, T, Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E, McDonald, S., & Moher, D. (2021). The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01626-4
Pavlova, T., Dimov, I., & Nakov, G. (2018). Quality characteristics of honey: A review. Proceedings of University of Ruse, 57, 31-37.
Phipps, R. (2017). International Honey Market. American Bee Journal. https://americanbeejournal.com/international-honey-market-update-2/
Ratiu, I. A., Al-Suod, H., Bukowska, M., Ligor, M., & Buszewski, B. (2019). Correlation study of honey regarding their physicochemical properties and sugars and cyclitols content. Molecules, 25(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010034
Ribeiro, R. O. R., Mársico, E. T., Carneiro, C. S., Simoes, J. S., Ferreira, M. S., Jesus, E. F. O., Almeida, E., & Junior, C. A. C. (2015). Seasonal variation in trace and minor elements in Brazilian honey by total reflection X-ray fluorescence. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(3), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4284-1
Ritten, C. J, Thunström, L., Ehmke, M., Beiermann, J., & McLeod, D. (2019). International honey laundering and consumer willingness to pay a premium for local honey: an experimental study. Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 63(4), 726–741. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8489.12325
Robinson, K. A., Akinyede, O., Dutta, T., Sawin, B. A., Li, T., Spencer, M. R., Turkelson, C. M., & Weston, C. (2013). Framework for determining research gaps during systematic review: Evaluation. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK126702/
Salami, F. H., & Queiroz, M. E. C. (2013). Microextraction in packed sorbent for the determination of pesticides in honey samples by Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 51(10), 899–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bms187
Sarkar, S., Mukhopadhyay, A., Chaudhary, A., Rajput, M., Pawar, H. S., Mukherjee, R., Das, A. K., Banerjee, P. & Chatterjee, J. (2017). Therapeutic interfaces of honey in diabetic wound pathology. Wound Medicine, 18, 21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wndm.2017.07.001
Scepankova, H, Saraiva, J. A., & Estevinho, L. M. (2017). Honey health benefits and uses in medicine. In Bee Products - Chemical and Biological Properties. Springer International Publishing, 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-59689-1_4
Shahzad, A., & Cohrs, R. J. (2012) In vitro antiviral activity of honey against Varicella zoster virus (VZV): A translational medicine study for potential remedy for shingles. Translational Biomedicine, 3(2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.3823/434
Siddiqui, A. J, Musharraf, S G., Choudhary, M. I., & Rahman, A-U. (2017). Application of analytical methods in authentication and adulteration of honey. Food Chemistry, 217, 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.001
Silva, P. M., Gonzaga, L. V., Azevedo, M. S., Biluca, F. C., Schulz, M., Costa, A. C. O., & Fett, R. (2019). Stability of volatile compounds of honey during prolonged storage. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(3), 1167–1182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-04163-0
Sun, J, Zhao, H, Wu, F, Zhu, M, Zhang, Y, Cheng, N, Xue, X, Wu, L & Cao, W. (2021). Molecular mechanism of mature honey formation by GC-MS- and LC-MS-based metabolomics. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 69(11), 3362–3370. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00318
Taka, T, Baras, M. C., & Chaudhry Bet, Z. F. (2012). Validation of a rapid and sensitive routine method for determination of chloramphenicol in honey by LC–MS/MS. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 29(4), 596–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/19440049.2011.625047
Tibola, C. S., Silva, S. A., Dossa, A. A., & Patrício, D. I. (2018). Economically motivated food fraud and adulteration in Brazil: Incidents and alternatives to minimize occurrence. Journal of Food Science, 83(8), 2028–2038. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14279
Tomasini, D., Sampaio, M. R. F., Caldas, S. S., Buffon, J. G., Duarte, F. A., & Primel, E. G. (2012). Simultaneous determination of pesticides and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural in honey by the modified QuEChERS method and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta, 99, 380–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.068
Tomasini, D, Sampaio, M. R. F., Cardoso, L. V., Caldas, S. S., & Primel, E. G. (2011). Comparison of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and the modified QuEChERS method for the determination of fipronil in honey by high performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection. Analytical Methods, 3(8), 1893-1900. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ay05221g
USP. (2016). United States Pharmacopeia. Food Fraud Mitigation Guidance. Food chemicals codex (10th ed.). Appendix XVII. https://www.usp.org/foods/food-fraud-mitigation-services
Valdés-Silverio, L. A, Iturralde, G, García-Tenesaca, M, Paredes-Moreta, J, Narváez-Narváez, D. A, Rojas-Carrillo, M, Tejera, E, Beltrán-Ayala, P, Giampieri, F & Alvarez-Suarez, J. M. (2018). Physicochemical parameters, chemical composition, antioxidant capacity, microbial contamination and antimicrobial activity of Eucalyptus honey from the Andean region of Ecuador. Journal of Apicultural Research, 57(3), 382–394. https://doi.org/10.1080/00218839.2018.1426349
Valese, A. C, Molognoni, L, Sá Ploêncio, L. A., Lima, F. G., Gonzaga, L. V., Górniak, S. L., Daguer, H., Barreto, F., & Oliveira Costa, A. C. (2016). A fast and simple LC-ESI-MS/MS method for detecting pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey with full validation and measurement uncertainty. Food Control, 67, 183–191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.02.050
Vieira, H. P., Nascentes, C. C., & Windmöller, C. C. (2014). Development and comparison of two analytical methods to quantify the mercury content in honey. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 34(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2014.02.001
Vieira, H. P, Nascentes, C. .C, Germano, A & Windmöller, C C. (2012). Development of a method for the direct determination of arsenate in honey by hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytical Methods, 4(7), 2068-2073. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ay05875h
Yaghoobi, N, Al-Waili, N, Ghayour-Mobarhan, M, Parizadeh, S. M. R., Abasalti, Z, Yaghoobi, Z, Yaghoobi, F, Esmaeili, H, Kazemi-Bajestani, S. M. R., Aghasizadeh, R, Saloom, K. Y., & Ferns, G. A. A. (2008). Natural honey and cardiovascular risk factors: Effects on blood glucose, cholesterol, triacylglycerole, crp, and body weight compared with sucrose. The Scientific World Journal, 8, 463–469. https://doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.64
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Aline Nunes; Caroline Schmitz; Thaíse Gerber; Denise Nunes Araújo; Sidnei Moura; Marcelo Maraschin
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2) Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
